Ruminal fermentation modification of protein and carbohydrate by means of roasted and estimation of microbial protein synthesis

Abstract

-The animal meal prohibition as a protein source with low ruminal degradability in ruminant nutrition, creates the need to seek alternatives, as legume seeds, however, its protein, have a high degradability, which could generate losses of nitrogen in the rumen. Other problem in the legume seeds is the content of antinutritional factors such as protease inhibitors, tannins, phenolic compounds, lectins and some others, could affect the digestibility. One alternative to decrease the degradability of the protein and / or decrease the activity of some antinutritional factors is the use of different technological treatments such as roasting. Microbial protein synthesis is dependent on the availability of nitrogen or amino acids and of the degradable carbohydrate content, or of content of Organic Matter digestible and rumen degraded (OMDRD), and the synchronization in rumen degradation between protein and carbohydrates. If there are high amounts of degradable nitrogen or if the content and rate of carbohydrates degradation in the rumen is reduced or not synchronized with the degradation of protein, could be losses of nitrogen and / or energy in the rumen. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of proteins and carbohydrates from various seeds and grains, the effect of dry-roasted application on degradability behavior of seeds.Key Words: carbohydrates, degradation, microbial protein synthesis, protein, roasted Modificação da fermentação ruminal de proteína e carboidrato por meio da tostagem e estimativa de síntese de proteína microbiana RESUMO -A proibição das farinhas de origem animal como fonte de proteína com baixa degradabilidade na nutrição de ruminantes, criou a necessidade de buscar alternativas, como sementes de leguminosas, porém, sua proteínas têm alta degradabilidade, podendo gerar perdas de nitrogênio no rúmen. Outro problema em sementes de leguminosas é o conteúdo de fatores antinutricionais, como os inibidores de proteases, taninos, compostos fenólicos, lectinas e alguns outros, podendo afetar a digestibilidade. Uma alternativa para diminuir a degradabilidade da proteína e/ou diminuir a atividade de alguns fatores antinutricionais é o uso de diferentes tratamentos tecnológicos, tal como a tostagem. A síntese de proteína microbiana é dependente da disponibilidade do nitrogênio e o conteúdo de carboidrato degradável, ou o conteúdo de matéria orgânica digestível e degradada no rúmen (MODR), e a sincronização da degradação no rúmen entre proteína e carboidratos. Se existem elevadas quantidades de nitrogênio degradável, ou se o conteúdo e a taxa de degradação de carboidratos no rúmen é reduzida ou não sincronizada com a degradação da proteína, pode-se perder nitrogênio e/ou energia do rúmen. Neste trabalho, foram analisadas as características das proteínas e carboidratos de várias sementes e grãos, o efeito da aplicação da tostagem seca no comportamento da degradabilidade das sementes.Palavras-chave: carboidratos, degradação, proteína, síntese de proteína microbiana, tostagem

Metabolic profile and histopathology of kidneys and liver of lambs fed silages of forages adapted to a semi-arid environment

“…Serum concentrations of urea were within the normal range of 17.12-42.8 mg/dL described by Silveira (1988), Radostitis et al (2002), Kaneko et al (2008) and Andrade-Montemayor et al (2009). This difference was thus caused by the diet containing old man saltbush silage, which did not have the highest CP content in its composition.…”

Methanobacterium formicicum as a target rumen methanogen for the development of new methane mitigation interventions: A review

“…NrpR is a transcriptional regulator that represses transcription of nitrogen fixation genes, glutamine synthase and ammonium transporters. This regulator binds to inverted repeat operators in the promoter regions located upstream from the starts of glnA,nifH, pdxT, amt1 and amt2 ( Andrade-Montemayor, Gasca and Kawas, 2009 , Lie et al., 2010 , Magingo and Stumm, 1991 ). MFI contains nif operon, nitrogenase and nitrogenase cofactor biosynthesis genes as similar to Methanococcus maripaludis ( Lie et al., 2010 , Magingo and Stumm, 1991 ).…”

“…The rumen microbes rapidly ferment amino acids and soluble proteins and form various acidic fermentation products (NH 3 , H 2 and CO 2 ). The turnover rate of fermentation products cannot be measured due to exchange reactions across the microorganisms ( Andrade-Montemayor, Gasca, & Kawas, 2009 ). Pyruvate produced from anaerobes is carboxylated to form oxaloacetate and further converted to malate, fumarate and succinate.…”

Influence ofSalix BabylonicaExtract in Combination or not with Increasing Levels of Minerals Mixture onin VitroRumen Gas Production Kinetics of a Total Mixed Ration

“…Salix babylonica extract was expected to be beneficial to rumen function due to its stimulating effect on fermentation (Jiménez-Peralta et al, 2011) as revealed by protection dietary proteins from rumen degradation increased cell-wall constituents and MCP. However, the observed increased MCP, PF24 and GY24 may possibly be due to improved synchronization between energy and protein release in the rumen with SB and/or MM combination (Montemayor et al, 2009).…”