Rubella Antibodies in Human Serum: Detection by the Indirect Fluorescent-Antibody Technique

Brown, Gordon C.; Maassab, Hunein F.; Veronelli, J. A.; Francis, Thomas

doi:10.1126/science.145.3635.943

Cited by 72 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Rubella virus carrier cultures have been induced in stable cell lines (37)(38)(39). Cell strains derived from certain tissues (skin and pharyngeal mucosa) of human embryos were also found to survive in a carrier state when experimentally infected with rubella virus (40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rubella Virus Carrier Cultures Derived From Congenitally Infected Infants

Rawls

Melnick

1966

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

110

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Spontaneous rubella carrier cultures derived from tissues of infants with congenital rubella were studied in an attempt to elucidate a possible mechanism for viral persistence observed in these infants. Chronically infected cells were found to have a reduced growth rate and the cultures appeared to have a shortened life span. The rubella carrier state was not dependent on serum inhibitors or rubella antibodies. Virtually every cell in the carrier population was found to be producing virus. The carrier cultures could not be cured by rubella antibodies. The rubella-infected cells were resistant to superinfection with vesicular stomatitis virus and herpes simplex virus but were susceptible to infection with echovirus 11. The replication of vesicular stomatitis virus was apparently blocked at an intracellular site, for the virus readily adsorbed to the chronically infected cells and entered into an eclipse phase; however no infectious virus developed. No evidence of interferon production by these cells could be obtained. It is postulated that clones of rubella-infected cells in vivo, with properties similar to those in carrier cultures developed in vitro from tissues of in utero infected infants, might explain the observed viral persistence noted in congenital rubella.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rubella Virus Carrier Cultures Derived From Congenitally Infected Infants

Rawls

Melnick

1966

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

110

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“…If a more rapid test for the detection of rubella antibody was available greater economy could be made. So far, fluorescent antibody techniques (Brown et al, 1964) have not proved readily adaptable to the testing of large numbers of sera; however, a haemagglutination inhibition test for the detection of rubella antibodies may prove suitable for this purpose (Stewart et al, 1967). Gammaglobulin Prophylaxis MEDICALJOUSNAL This report records only the effect of gammaglobulin on maternal infection, and it is possible that the administration of gammaglobulin, though not preventing maternal rubella, may still reduce the frequency and the severity of foetal abnormalities.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of rubella antibodies among pregnant women in six areas: prophylactic effect of two doses of gammaglobulin. Report to the Public Health Laboratory Service Rubella Working Party.

1967

BMJ

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The use of gammaglobulin as a prophylactic in pregnant women exposed to rubella during the first trimester has been accepted practice for over a decade. Several surveys have been made to assess its efficacy, but the results showed little agreement (Lundstr6m, 1965). With the isolation of the rubella virus (Parkman et al., 1962 ;Weller and Neva, 1962) an accurate assessment of the value of gammaglobulin as a prophylactic was to be expected. However, the results of experimental work (Green et al., 1964) indicated that gammaglobulin was not protective, whereas field trials (Brody et al., 1965) suggested that some protection was afforded.During the past 18 months studies into gammaglobulin prophylaxis in pregnant women exposed to rubella have been conducted in this laboratory. This communication reports some of the results so far obtained in two surveys using different dose schedules and the incidence of rubella antibodies in pregnant women in different areas of England. Method of StudyIn England and Wales general practitioners requiring gammaglobulin obtain their supplies from public health laboratories which serve as distribution centres. During the period of both studies an initial dose of 750-800 mg. of gammaglobulin was supplied for each pregnant woman exposed to rubella in the first 16 weeks of pregnancy. Gammaglobulin of both English and Dutch manufacture was used, and several different batches of each product were distributed.The first study (Study A) to the Manchester laboratory by post. Where possible a throat swab was collected for virus isolation from the suspected case of rubella and posted to the laboratory. The sera were examined for rubella-neutralizing antibody within 48 hours of receipt, the results being available within four days of setting up the test.If neutralizing antibody was not detected or found to be present at a titre no greater than 1/4 the patient was, for the purposes of this investigation, regarded as non-immune and the local public health laboratory sent a further 1,500 mg. of gammaglobulin to the practitioner to be given to his patient if she was still within 12 days of contact. In home contacts the day of appearance of the rash was taken as the day of contact.Six weeks after the initial dose of gammaglobulin a second specimen of blood was obtained from these patients. Materials and MethodsSera.-Blood obtained from the patients was separated and sera were stored at -20°C. and were not inactivated.Neutralization Tests.-These were performed in the RK.13 continuous line of rabbit kidney cells (Beale et al., 1963). The propagation of the cells and the technique of the neutralization test are described in detail elsewhere (Hutchinson and Thompson, 1965).Dilutions of sera were prepared in 0.3-ml. amounts to which were added an equal volume of rubella virus suspension (

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“…Many different cells have been used as substrates (1,2,6,7,9,12), but rarely was a comparison made between different cell lines to study their ability to detect specific antibodies. Recent publications (3,10) have shown differences between different cell systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%