Roles of electrode material and geometry in liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS-APGD) microplasma emission spectroscopy

On the coupling of hydride generation with atmospheric pressure glow discharge in contact with the flowing liquid cathode for the determination of arsenic, antimony and selenium with optical emission spectrometry

“…They sheared a considerable interest and are the subject of a growing number of works [1][2][3]. Among developed and studied in recent years miniaturized excitation sources there are dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), electrolyte as cathode glow discharge (ELCAD), liquid sampling atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS-APGD), solution cathode glow discharge (SCGD), capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) and microstrip plasma (MSP) [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. In general, these new excitation sources enable efficient excitation of elements with relatively low excitation potentials, i.e., alkali and alkaline earth elements and some of transition metals.…”

Characterization of rapidly-prototyped, battery-operated, argon-hydrogen microplasma on a hybrid chip for elemental analysis of microsamples by portable optical emission spectrometry

“…In addition to their small dimension as a key characteristic, microplasmas can be classified in a number of ways [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. To name but a few, according to their operating pressure (e.g., atmospheric-pressure or low-pressure); according to the type of electrical power used to sustain them [8][9][10][11]; as gas-liquid microplasmas (e.g., those that use an electrolyte solution as part of an electrode [12][13][14][15][16]); according to their geometric shape (e.g., planar [10], microhollow [17]); and, according to their method of fabrication (e.g., micromachined or rapidly-prototyped microplasmas on planar, postage-stamp size 2D-chips or 3D-printed microplasmas on 3D-chips [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]). Thus far, microplasmas of the type classified above received attention in the literature, such as, in review articles [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], in books [26,27] and in a growing list of papers describing their use in chemical analysis [7][8][9][10]…”

“…We addressed this operational difficulty by introducing dried solution residues into microplasmas using a specially designed, electrothermal vaporization microsample introduction system [18,19,28,29]. Others employed an electrolyte solution as one of the electrodes for their gas-liquid microplasmas [12][13][14][15][16].…”

Liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge excitation of atomic and ionic species

“…Up to now, the LS-APGD has proven useful as excitation/ionization source not only for liquid sample analyses with optical emission spectroscopy (OES) [11][12][13][14][15] and mass spectrometry (MS), [16][17][18] but also for the analysis of laser ablation (LA)-generated aerosol particles. 12,[19][20][21] The microplasma has also been employed for the analysis of molecular species when used as ambient desorption/ionization (ADI) source.…”