Role of Oxidant Alteration of Biomolecules in Diabetes and Other Associated Diseases

Abstract

ABSTRACT-Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are products of normal cellular metabolism and are known to act as second messengers. Physiological conditions, ROS participate in maintenance of cellular 'redox homeostasis' in order to protect cells against oxidative stress through various redox-regulatory mechanisms. Oxidative stress resulting from enhances free-radical formation and/or a defect in antioxidant defences has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its associated complications. Diabetes mellitus comprises a group of metabolic disorders that share the common phenotype of hyperglycemia, association with the biochemical alteration of glucose and lipid peroxidation. Increase level of oxidative stress along with deranging different metabolisms; one of the Long term complications of diabetes mellitus is diabetic retinopathy, which is a leading cause of acquired blindness. Many of the recent landmarks in scientific research have shown that in human beings, oxidative stress has been implicated in the progression of major health problems by inactivating the metabolic enzymes and damaging important cellular components, oxidizing the nucleic acids, leading to cardiovascular diseases, eye disorders, joint disorders, neurological diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), atherosclerosis, lung and kidney disorders, liver and pancreatic diseases, cancer, ageing, disease of the reproductive system including the male and female infertility etc. In this review we have the importance of endogenous antioxidant defense systems, the intense medical management; these strategies include dietary measures (antioxidants) their relationship to several pathophysiological processes and their possible therapeutic implications in vivo condition.

Inhibiting Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 by Taurine: Implications in Anticancer Therapeutics

“… 28 , 29 The low level of these biomolecules is responsible for the development of several diseases. 30 , 31 …”

“…Biomolecules show several biological activities, including antioxidant activity, protecting the cell from oxidative damage. Hence, they can be used in cancer, diabetes, inflammation, and microbial and protozoan therapeutics. − Natural products interact with several cellular components and regulate the ROS production that prevents the development of diseases, such as AP-1-associated signaling pathways, MAP kinase pathway, RB-E2F pathway, PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, and the NFκB-signaling pathway. − Several biomolecules such as protein, lipids, carbohydrates, peptides, and other amino acids have various biological properties. , The low level of these biomolecules is responsible for the development of several diseases. , …”

“…28,29 The low level of these biomolecules is responsible for the development of several diseases. 30,31 Plants, animals, microbes, and marine plants are rich sources of natural products. 32−34 Natural products are used in several diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, inflammation, and microbial and protozoan infections.…”

Chemical profile and antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities on Artemia salina from the essential oil of leaves and xylopodium of Cochlospermum regium

“…Several volatile molecules such as limonene, thymol, carvacrol, α-terpinene, γterpinene, and α-terpinolene, β-caryophyllene among other various terpenes and sesquiterpenes that have considerable antioxidant activity in reducing different reactive molecules such as ROS: singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, organichydrope roxide, hydroxyl radical, superoxide ion and nitrogen (Torres-Martínez et al, 2017;Verma;Verma, 2018;Lin et al, 2019). According with Verma & Verma, (2018) and Menon et al (2019) the reactive species damages the major living components such as DNA, RNA, protein, biomolecules and lipids and thus various antioxidant protection mechanisms are being evolved by the body (microorganisms, human, animal and plants). Oxidative stress has been implicated in various pathological conditions involving cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurological disorder, diabetes, Alzheimer and ischemia.…”

Serum Levels of 8-OHdG in Patients with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

“…On the other hand, redox homeostasis is essential for the appropriate functioning of the immune system (10). Whereas sustained imbalances in redox homeostasis play a major role in the etiology of autoimmune disorders (11). It is well known that increased oxidative stress affects organic molecules.…”