Role of natural salivary defenses in the maintenance of healthy oral microbiota in children and adolescents

Razi, Mohammed Ahsan; Qamar, Seema; Singhal, Adya; Mahajan, Ankit; Siddiqui, Shandar; Minz, Ruchi Staffy Mohina

doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1134_19

Cited by 11 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Regarding the results of IgA, this study detected a non-significant higher concentration in healthy children. Studies performed to compare the concentration of these molecules in saliva have demonstrated an association between higher concentration levels and the absence of caries, for example, in the studies performed by [ 20 ], Omar et al [ 21 ] and Razi et al [ 31 ], who analysed the presence of IgA in the saliva of children between 3 to 8 years of age [ 20 , 21 ] and adolescents between 12 and 15 years [ 31 ]. In addition, a higher proportion of IgA-coated bacteria was found in the saliva of caries-free compared to caries-active individuals [ 32 ], suggesting a protective role of this antibody.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other investigators have reported a slightly higher expression in caries-free children compared to those with this disease. These authors include [ 40 ], who analysed saliva samples from 75 children between 3 and 5 years of age, [ 31 ], in saliva from 40 children and adolescents, and [ 41 ], in 90 children from 3 to 6 years of age. [ 7 ], detected a significantly higher expression of this component in caries-free adults after rinsing with a sugar solution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of possible biomarkers for caries risk in children 6 to 12 years of age

Díaz

Simón-Soro

Forero

et al. 2021

Journal of Oral Microbiology

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Background: Electrolytes, proteins, and other salivary molecules play an important role in tooth integrity and can serve as biomarkers associated with caries. Objective: To determine the concentration of potential biomarkers in children without caries (CF) and children with caries (CA). Methods: Unstimulated saliva was collected, and the biomarkers quantified in duplicate, using commercial Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits to determine IgA, fibronectin, cathelicidin LL-37, and statherin levels, as well as colorimetric tests to detect formate and phosphate. Results: Significantly higher concentrations of statherin was detected in the CF group (Median: 94,734.6; IQR: 92,934.6–95,113.7) compared to the CA2 group (90,875.0; IQR: 83,580.2–94,633.4) (p = 0.03). Slightly higher median IgA (48,250.0; IQR: 31,461.9–67,418.8) and LL-37 levels (56.1; IQR 43.6–116.2) and a lower concentration of formate were detected in the CF group (0.02; IQR 0.0034–0.15) compared to the group with caries (IgA: 37,776.42; IQR: 33,383.9–44,128.5; LL-37: 46.3; IQR: 40.1011–67.7; formate: 0.10; IQR: 0.01–0.18), but these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The fact that these compounds have been identified as good markers for caries among European adults highlights the difficulty of identifying universal biomarkers that are applicable to all ages or to different populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of possible biomarkers for caries risk in children 6 to 12 years of age

Díaz

Simón-Soro

Forero

et al. 2021

Journal of Oral Microbiology

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“…The results of the correlation between salivary s-IgA levels and gender were shown in Figure 4 . Because of the limited number of studies on gender differences (only four studies were included) [ 20 , 31 , 44 , 48 ], and the heterogeneity in the studies was less than 50% ( I 2 <50%), the fixed effects model was used ( P >0.05). When comparing the salivary s-IgA levels of male caries patients and healthy controls ( Figure 4 A), we found that the salivary s-IgA levels of male caries patients were significantly lower than that of healthy controls (SMD = −0.46, 95%CI: [−0.87; −0.04], P =0.025).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…with acceptable heterogeneity (I 2 =46%).The 22, 25, 27, 5,32,33,34,38,39,44,45,46,47,48 caries-free healthy control group included 265 study subjects and the caries group included 410 study subjects, and the combined meta-analysis of caries activity was performed at lower levels of s-IgA (SMD=-1.23, 95%CI: [-1.48; -0.99], P<0.001). In the sensitivity analysis, the removal of any individual study did not change the overall statistical significance, indicating that the meta-analysis was relatively stable and reliable (Figure 7).…”

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confidence: 99%

Association between salivary s-IgA concentration and dental caries: an updated meta-analysis

Gong

Wang

et al. 2020

Bioscience Reports

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Objective: To determine the levels of s-IgA in saliva of caries patients and healthy controls, and to evaluate whether there is a correlation between it and caries by meta-analysis. Methods: The PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, Chongqing VIP database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, and China BioMedical Literature Services System databases were searched initially in April 2020 and repeated in August 2020. Two independent evaluators screened the literature and extracted the data according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. R 4.0.2 software was used for meta-analysis. I2 test was commonly reflected the heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression analysis explore the sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis, funnel diagram, Begg’s rank correlation, and Egger’s linear regression were used to determine the possibility of publication bias. Results: The study was reviewed according to the project guidelines for optimal reporting (PRISMA) based on meta-analysis. A total of 30 case–control studies were included, with a total sample size of 1545 patients, including 918 caries patients and 627 healthy controls. Salivary s-IgA levels in caries patients were significantly lower than those in healthy controls (SMD = −0.49, 95%CI: [−0.94; −0.03], P=0.03). In addition, the results of subgroup analysis showed that the significant decrease of salivary s-IgA level was correlated with children patients, mixed dentition and Asian people (children: SMD = −0.45, 95%CI: [−0.89; −0.01], P=0.04; mixed dentition: SMD = −0.61, 95%CI: [−1.24; 0.03], P=0.06; Asian: SMD = −0.62, 95%CI: [−1.17; −0.08], P=0.02). The funnel diagram included in the study was symmetrically distributed, and the sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the results. Conclusion: Salivary s-IgA levels in caries patients were significantly lower than in healthy controls. It has also been demonstrated that salivary s-IgA may be used as an alternative measure to identify subjects at risk of caries susceptibility, suggesting that salivary s-IgA may be a protective factor for dental caries.

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“…The oral cavity presents a warm and nutritious environment for the oral microbiota and, at the same time, it controls bacterial colonization to avoid invading pathogenic microbes. The oral microbiota plays a critical role in maintaining oral health [41]. However, under certain conditions, invading microorganisms cause an imbalance of the host's commensal microbial community, which results in dental disease.…”

Section: Oral Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Etiology and Prevention of Dental Caries: Exploiting Natural Products to Inhibit Cariogenic Biofilms

et al. 2020

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Dental caries is one of the most common microbe-mediated oral diseases in human beings. At present, the accepted etiology of caries is based on a four-factor theory that includes oral microorganisms, oral environment, host, and time. Excessive exposure to dietary carbohydrates leads to the accumulation of acid-producing and acid-resistant microorganisms in the mouth. Dental caries is driven by dysbiosis of the dental biofilm adherent to the enamel surface. Effective preventive methods include inhibiting the cariogenic microorganisms, treatment with an anti-biofilm agent, and sugar intake control. The goal is to reduce the total amount of biofilm or the levels of specific pathogens. Natural products could be recommended for preventing dental caries, since they may possess fewer side effects in comparison with synthetic antimicrobials. Herein, the mechanisms of oral microbial community development and functional specialization are discussed. We highlight the application of widely explored natural products in the last five years for their ability to inhibit cariogenic microorganisms.

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Role of natural salivary defenses in the maintenance of healthy oral microbiota in children and adolescents

Cited by 11 publications

References 20 publications

Evaluation of possible biomarkers for caries risk in children 6 to 12 years of age

Evaluation of possible biomarkers for caries risk in children 6 to 12 years of age

Association between salivary s-IgA concentration and dental caries: an updated meta-analysis

Microbial Etiology and Prevention of Dental Caries: Exploiting Natural Products to Inhibit Cariogenic Biofilms

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