Role of glucose and insulin resistance in development of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Godsland, I. F.; Walton, Christopher; Wynn, V.; Kumar, Sudhesh; Boulton, Andrew J.M.; Hosker, J. P.

doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92527-m

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance and insulin secretion disorders [ 22 , 23 ]. Many studies have demonstrated that insulin resistance precedes β cell defects [ 24 , 25 ], which first occurs in skeletal muscle. Glucose transporter protein 4 (GLUT4) is an insulin-responsive glucose transporter protein [ 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Differences In Pathogenesis Of Different Types Of Diabetes M...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Different Types of Diabetes on Vascular Complications

Wei

Tian

Tang

et al. 2022

Journal of Diabetes Research

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The final outcome of diabetes is chronic complications, of which vascular complications are the most serious, which is the main cause of death for diabetic patients and the direct cause of the increase in the cost of diabetes. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are the main types of diabetes, and their pathogenesis is completely different. Type 1 diabetes is caused by genetics and immunity to destroy a large number of β cells, and insulin secretion is absolutely insufficient, which is more prone to microvascular complications. Type 2 diabetes is dominated by insulin resistance, leading to atherosclerosis, which is more likely to progress to macrovascular complications. This article explores the pathogenesis of two types of diabetes, analyzes the pathogenesis of different vascular complications, and tries to explain the different trends in the progression of different types of diabetes to vascular complications, in order to better prevent diabetes and its vascular complications.

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Section: Differences In Pathogenesis Of Different Types Of Diabetes M...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Different Types of Diabetes on Vascular Complications

Wei

Tian

Tang

et al. 2022

Journal of Diabetes Research

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“…The prolonged asymptomatic phase of T2DM may last years, during which time unmanaged elevated blood glucose could lead to serious and irreversible micro- and macrovascular complications including neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease [ 3 , 4 ]. Although the underlying cause has not been fully clarified, it is generally attributed to insulin resistance (IR), which precedes formal diagnosis of T2DM for years [ 5 ]. It has been well established that both insulin resistance and obesity play an important role in the pathogenesis of T2DM [ 6 ] and therefore their amelioration is a critical clinical goal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroacupuncture Mitigates Skeletal Muscular Lipid Metabolism Disorder Related to High‐Fat‐Diet Induced Insulin Resistance through the AMPK/ACC Signaling Pathway

Danchun

Zhang

et al. 2018

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet (HFD) induced insulin resistance (IR) rats and to evaluate expression of AMPK/ACC signaling components. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into control group, HFD group, HFD+Pi (oral gavage of pioglitazone) group, and HFD+EA group. Acupuncture was subcutaneously applied to Zusanli (ST40) and Sanyinjiao (SP6). For Zusanli (ST40) and Sanyinjiao (SP6), needles were connected to an electroacupuncture (EA) apparatus. Fasting plasma glucose was measured by glucose oxidase method. Plasma fasting insulin (FINS) and adiponectin (ADP) were determined by ELISA. Triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (TC) were determined by Gpo-pap. Proteins of adiponectin receptor 1 (adipoR1), AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were determined by Western blot, respectively. Compared with the control group, HFD group exhibits increased levels of FPG, FINS, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and decreased level of ADP and insulin sensitivity index (ISI). These changes were reversed by both EA and pioglitazone. Proteins of adipoR1 and AMPK were decreased, while ACC were increased in HFD group compared to control group. Proteins of these molecules were restored back to normal levels upon EA and pioglitazone. EA can improve the insulin sensitivity of insulin resistance rats; the positive regulation of the AMPK/ACC pathway in the skeletal muscle may be a possible mechanism of EA in the treatment of IR.

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