Electroacupuncture Mitigates Skeletal Muscular Lipid Metabolism Disorder Related to High‐Fat‐Diet Induced Insulin Resistance through the AMPK/ACC Signaling Pathway

Abstract

The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet (HFD) induced insulin resistance (IR) rats and to evaluate expression of AMPK/ACC signaling components. Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into control group, HFD group, HFD+Pi (oral gavage of pioglitazone) group, and HFD+EA group. Acupuncture was subcutaneously applied to Zusanli (ST40) and Sanyinjiao (SP6). For Zusanli (ST40) and Sanyinjiao (SP6), needles were connected to an electroacupuncture (EA) apparatus. Fasting plasma glucose was measured by glucose oxidase method. Plasma fasting insulin (FINS) and adiponectin (ADP) were determined by ELISA. Triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (TC) were determined by Gpo-pap. Proteins of adiponectin receptor 1 (adipoR1), AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) were determined by Western blot, respectively. Compared with the control group, HFD group exhibits increased levels of FPG, FINS, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and decreased level of ADP and insulin sensitivity index (ISI). These changes were reversed by both EA and pioglitazone. Proteins of adipoR1 and AMPK were decreased, while ACC were increased in HFD group compared to control group. Proteins of these molecules were restored back to normal levels upon EA and pioglitazone. EA can improve the insulin sensitivity of insulin resistance rats; the positive regulation of the AMPK/ACC pathway in the skeletal muscle may be a possible mechanism of EA in the treatment of IR.

High-cholesterol Condition Promotes Apical Periodontitis and Bone Resorption in Rats

“…Previous studies reported the generation of high-cholesterol conditions by diet 13,16,17,19) . Earlier studies employed diets containing a high concentration of lard 20,21) , but our preliminary study revealed no significant difference in the serum cholesterol or triglyceride level compared with a normal diet (data not shown). On the other hand, Yamamoto et al 17) generated high cholesterol model rats using a 1% cholesterol diet and induced larger hepatic damage by LPS stimuli.…”

Empagliflozin Regulates the AdipoR1/p-AMPK/p-ACC Pathway to Alleviate Lipid Deposition in Diabetic Nephropathy

“… 7 Furthermore, P-AMPK can inactivate ACC through phosphorylation, inhibit the formation of fatty acids, and directly affect lipid metabolism. 8 The AdipoR1/p-AMPK/p-ACC pathway is involved in lipid metabolism based on various models, while the use of different SGLT2is, such as dapagliflozin, canagliflozin and empagliflozin, improves lipid metabolism, with some involving AMPK and ACC. 9 Additionally, because AdipoR1/p-AMPK/p-ACC in specimens strongly correlates with lipid deposition in DN, we speculate that lipid metabolism may be regulated through AdipoR1/p-AMPK/p-ACC in DN.…”

Genome‐Wide Regulation of Electroacupuncture and Treadmill Exercise on Diet‐Induced Obese Rats

“…Acupuncture can reduce serum insulin levels in obese rats to improve insulin sensitivity [ 24 ]. In addition, EA is helpful for reducing the serum TC, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein concentrations in obese rats, thus exerting a benign regulatory effect on lipid metabolism [ 25 ]. It has also been found in another study [ 26 ] that EA can increase the expression of uncoupling protein 1 in adipose tissue and promote the browning of white fat.…”