Role of defects in organic–inorganic metal halide perovskite: detection and remediation for solar cell applications

Investigation of Defects in Cs2SnI6‐Based Double Perovskite Solar Cells Via SCAPS‐1D

“…The energy level and the density of the defects (trap states) alter carrier lifetime and mobility, which are responsible for carrier recombination. [ 72 ] Therefore, the charge carrier generation, recombination, and transportation behavior are largely affected in solar cells. These defect energy states can be determined by using Gaussian distribution equations as, [ 73 ] $$\begin{equation}{g}_{\rm{D}}\ \left( E \right) = {G}_{\rm{d}}\ \exp \left[^{{-{{\left({E - {E}_{{\rm{PKd}}}}\right)}}^2}}/_{2\sigma_d^2}\right]\end{equation}$$ $$\begin{equation}{g}_{\rm{A}}\ \left( E \right) = {G}_{\rm{a}}\ \exp \left[^{-{\left({E - {E}_{\rm{PKa}}}\right)}^2}/ _{2\sigma_a^2}\right]\end{equation}$$where, E PKd and E PKa are the donor peak position from E C and acceptor peak position from E V , respectively, G d and $$\ {G}_{\rm{a}}$$ are effective donor and acceptor densities and σ d , σ a are standard energy deviation of Gaussian donor and acceptor level.…”

“…The energy level and the density of the defects (trap states) alter carrier lifetime and mobility, which are responsible for carrier recombination. [72] Therefore, the charge carrier generation, recombination, and transportation behavior are largely affected in solar cells. These defect energy states can be determined by using Gaussian distribution equations as, [73] g…”

Assessment of Lead‐Free Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells Using J–V Hysteresis

“…The efficiency of PSC is obtained by J–V scan, [ 169 ] but different scan directions can yield different results. Initially, researchers used to neglect this unusual behavior and publish results of scans from which the highest efficiency was achieved.…”

Solution-processed next generation thin film solar cells for indoor light applications

“…[171][172][173][174][175] Also, the perovskite materials possess unique defect tolerance capability, tunable bandgap, and are solution-processable at low temperatures. 176,177 In recent years, PSCs have also emerged as worthy contenders for indoor photovoltaics. The low-temperature solution-processability of the perovskite materials allows them to easily produce flexible indoor PSCs and these flexible PV devices can be suitably integrated as power sources for other gadgets.…”