technologies based on crystalline silicon, cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), etc. [15,16] Tremendous efforts are being given to commercialization of PSCs through improving the device efficiency, stability, and ability to fabricate large-area perovskite films. Though the current efficiency of PSCs is comparable to other matured solar cell technologies, this technology is behind those in terms of stability and large-area fabrication ability. Hopefully, various technologies have come out as potential largearea film fabrication methods, like blade coating, spray coating, slot-die coating, roll printing, etc. [17-20] Furthermore, stability can be improved mostly by encapsulation technologies and using additives in precursor solutions, but still not up to the mark for commercial use, which leaves a huge space for further research. [15,21-24] At the beginning of the perovskite solar cell era, uniform and pinhole-free perovskite film formation was a challenge. It is notable that, pinholes lead to a decrease in shunt resistance and nonuniformity leads to an increase in series resistance, which ultimately produce poor efficiency and stability of the device. Gradually, various technologies had been developed to improve the overall film quality, i.e., to obtain uniform and fully covered films. Among those technologies, the use of antisolvents during the perovskite film formation became very successful to obtain uniform and pinhole-free film, which dramatically increased the efficiency of the devices (also improved the stability to some extent). Antisolvents induce rapid and dense nucleation of perovskite that lead to uniform and pinhole free films. [25] Other effective alternative technologies are additive engineering, [26] hot casting, [27] rapid thermal annealing, [28] and solvent annealing. [29,30] In additive engineering, additives are used generally to slow down the crystallization process of perovskite or defect passivation to improve the crystallinity and optoelectronic properties of the perovskite film. In hot casting, hot precursor solution is coated on a hot substrate for better crystallization that improves the perovskite film quality. In rapid thermal annealing, a high intensity radiation is applied for post-annealing of perovskite film. In solvent annealing, a solvent vapor is allowed to condense on the surface, voids, and grain boundaries of the film, in which the perovskite dissolve and recrystallize to reduce the grain boundaries and pinholes. Interestingly, the best efficiency solar cells are mostly fabricated by using antisolvents. Therefore, a review article on the use of Organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells are emerging as potential solar energy harvesting tools and can be a tough competitor to already matured solar cell technologies. The success of perovskite solar cells is attributed to superior optoelectronic properties of perovskites, feasible synthesis process, and low fabrication cost. Though perovskite solar cells confront perovskite film quality rela...

The perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as an established technology during the last decade, with the record efficiency of such solar cells having increased from 3.8 % to 25.5 %. Recently, flexible perovskite solar cells (fPSCs) have received much attention from the academic and the industrial communities, owing to their potential for various niche applications, including portable electronics, wearable power sources, electronic textiles, and large‐scale industrial roofing. fPSCs are lightweight, bendable, and suitable for roll‐to‐roll industrial production and can be integrated easily over any surface. This Review discusses the recent development of materials for fPSCs based on various flexible substrates, including plastic, metal, and other flexible substrates, as well as fiber‐shaped perovskite solar cells, with a focus on the device structure, material selection for each layer, mechanical flexibility and the environmental stability of the fPSC devices. Finally, future applications and the outlook for fPSCs are also discussed.

Effective conversion of solar photons into electrical power through the development of smart and eco‐friendly materials is one of the most extensively researched methods for generating renewable energy. In this work, an inorganic lead‐free double perovskite Cs2SnI6 material is employed as an active layer for solar cell applications, together with GO (graphene oxide) as electron transport layer (ETL) and Cu2O as hole transport layer (HTL). In order to find the most efficient photovoltaic device, a detailed theoretical study using the SCAPS‐1D simulation program is conducted. The device performance is monitored and analyzed by considering various HTLs, doping density in active layer, light intensity, ETL thickness, operating temperature, parasitic resistances, and the role of defects on device performance. The optimized device displays a power conversion efficiency of 23.64% with excellent photovoltaic characteristics. This theoretical study reveals that Cs2SnI6 can be a promising choice for solar cell applications as a lead‐free double perovskite material.

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Recently, indoor photovoltaics have gained research attention due to its potential applications in the Internet of Things (IoT) sector and most of the devices in modern technologies are controlled via...