“…The sub-category that is most investigated in this area is information integration, using different techniques, such as data warehouse [21], agent-based web services [22], linking data in the cloud [23,24], a relational database and real-time data [25,26], a semantic web ontology [27,28], and using data mining techniques to extract useful information from BIM models to support FM activities during the O &M phase [29,30]. Other studies focused on integrating different technological systems rather than integrating the required FM information, for instance, integrating BIM with RFID tags to capture lifecycle information (Motamedi and Hammad 2009); [31,32], applying machine learning concept and raw sensor data [33], 2D barcode and mobile devices [34], a BIM/GIS-based information extraction (Mignard and Nicolle 2014); [35]. Other works focused on FM required information and developed bespoke techniques to integrate heterogeneous data, including BIM, by introducing an application programming interface plug-in to extend COBie by synthesising semantic data requirements that explicitly meet the owner's needs [36] Edwards, 2017), and integration of BIM and BAS information through a developed middleware layer to support energy consumption benchmarking [37].…”