RNA viruses in the sea

Lang, Andrew S.; Rise, Matthew L.; Culley, Alexander I.; Steward, Grieg F.

doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00132.x

Cited by 132 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 248 publications

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“…Recent work has shown that the number of viruses within the oceans is far larger than only recently could have been imagined (41). It is therefore probable that many alphaviruses like the louseborne SESV remain to be discovered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-Scale Phylogeny of the Alphavirus Genus Suggests a Marine Origin

Forrester

Palacios

Tesh

et al. 2012

J Virol

138

121

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The genus Alphavirus comprises a diverse group of viruses, including some that cause severe disease. Using full-length sequences of all known alphaviruses, we produced a robust and comprehensive phylogeny of the Alphavirus genus, presenting a more complete evolutionary history of these viruses compared to previous studies based on partial sequences. Our phylogeny suggests the origin of the alphaviruses occurred in the southern oceans and spread equally through the Old and New World. Since lice appear to be involved in aquatic alphavirus transmission, it is possible that we are missing a louse-borne branch of the alphaviruses. Complete genome sequencing of all members of the genus also revealed conserved residues forming the structural basis of the E1 and E2 protein dimers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-Scale Phylogeny of the Alphavirus Genus Suggests a Marine Origin

Forrester

Palacios

Tesh

et al. 2012

J Virol

138

121

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“…Although less abundant than prokaryotes, the relatively high number of viruses released per eukaryotic cell (reviewed by Lang et al, 2009) may increase representation of their viruses in the oceans such that they could comprise a significant portion of non-tailed viruses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global morphological analysis of marine viruses shows minimal regional variation and dominance of non-tailed viruses

2013

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Viruses influence oceanic ecosystems by causing mortality of microorganisms, altering nutrient and organic matter flux via lysis and auxiliary metabolic gene expression and changing the trajectory of microbial evolution through horizontal gene transfer. Limited host range and differing genetic potential of individual virus types mean that investigations into the types of viruses that exist in the ocean and their spatial distribution throughout the world’s oceans are critical to understanding the global impacts of marine viruses. Here we evaluate viral morphological characteristics (morphotype, capsid diameter and tail length) using a quantitative transmission electron microscopy (qTEM) method across six of the world’s oceans and seas sampled through the Tara Oceans Expedition. Extensive experimental validation of the qTEM method shows that neither sample preservation nor preparation significantly alters natural viral morphological characteristics. The global sampling analysis demonstrated that morphological characteristics did not vary consistently with depth (surface versus deep chlorophyll maximum waters) or oceanic region. Instead, temperature, salinity and oxygen concentration, but not chlorophyll a concentration, were more explanatory in evaluating differences in viral assemblage morphological characteristics. Surprisingly, given that the majority of cultivated bacterial viruses are tailed, non-tailed viruses appear to numerically dominate the upper oceans as they comprised 51–92% of the viral particles observed. Together, these results document global marine viral morphological characteristics, show that their minimal variability is more explained by environmental conditions than geography and suggest that non-tailed viruses might represent the most ecologically important targets for future research.

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“…Most aquatic bacteriophages are nonenveloped, but the ocean also appears to have abundant RNA viruses that infect eukaryotes (41). Some of these are enveloped (16). If the pattern of results from this study with four fish viruses extends to all viruses, the addition of Corexit 9500 to an aquatic environment might be expected to reduce enveloped viruses while allowing nonenveloped viruses to endure or be activated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…These bacteriophages or phages influence the microbial loop and ultimately global biogeochemical cycles (15). Although greatly outnumbered by phages, viruses that infect algae and aquatic animals are also in the sea and freshwater (16,17). Whether from prokaryotes or eukaryotes, viruses have common structural themes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Corexit 9500 Inactivates Two Enveloped Viruses of Aquatic Animals but Enhances the Infectivity of a Nonenveloped Fish Virus

Pham

Huang

Chen

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The effects of Corexit 9500, a dispersant used to clean up oil spills, on invertebrates, lower vertebrates, birds, and human health have been examined, but there is a significant lack of study of the effect of this dispersant on aquatic viruses. In this study, the effects of Corexit 9500 on four aquatic viruses of differing structural composition were examined. Corexit 9500 reduced the titer of the enveloped viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) at all concentrations (10% to 0.001%) examined. The titer of frog virus 3 (FV3), a virus with both enveloped and nonenveloped virions, was reduced only at the high Corexit 9500 concentrations (10% to 0.1%). Corexit 9500 was unable to reduce the titer of nonenveloped infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) but enhanced the titer of chum salmon reovirus (CSV) by 2 to 4 logs. With the ability to inactivate enveloped viruses and possibly enhance some nonenveloped viruses, Corexit 9500 has the potential to alter the aquatic virosphere.

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RNA viruses in the sea

Cited by 132 publications

References 248 publications

Genome-Scale Phylogeny of the Alphavirus Genus Suggests a Marine Origin

Genome-Scale Phylogeny of the Alphavirus Genus Suggests a Marine Origin

Global morphological analysis of marine viruses shows minimal regional variation and dominance of non-tailed viruses

Corexit 9500 Inactivates Two Enveloped Viruses of Aquatic Animals but Enhances the Infectivity of a Nonenveloped Fish Virus

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