Corexit 9500 Inactivates Two Enveloped Viruses of Aquatic Animals but Enhances the Infectivity of a Nonenveloped Fish Virus

Pham, Phuc H.; Huang, Yu‐Hsuan; Chen, C.; Bols, Niels C.

doi:10.1128/aem.03569-13

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID 50 )/mL values were estimated according to the Reed and Muench method ( 46 ). The origin of the viruses used in this study has been described previously ( 47 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Viral dsRNA-Mediated Innate Immune Responses at the Cellular Level Using a Rainbow Trout Model

Poynter

DeWitte‐Orr

2018

Front. Immunol.

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Viruses across genome types produce long dsRNA molecules during replication [viral (v-) dsRNA]. dsRNA is a potent signaling molecule and inducer of type I interferon (IFN), leading to the production of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), and a protective antiviral state within the cell. Research on dsRNA-induced immune responses has relied heavily on a commercially available, and biologically irrelevant dsRNA, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). Alternatively, dsRNA can be produced by in vitro transcription (ivt-) dsRNA, with a defined sequence and length. We hypothesized that ivt-dsRNA, containing legitimate viral sequence and length, would be a more appropriate proxy for v-dsRNA, compared with poly I:C. This is the first study to investigate the effects of v-dsRNA on the innate antiviral response and to compare v-dsRNA to ivt-dsRNA-induced responses in fish cells, specifically rainbow trout. Previously, class A scavenger receptors (SR-As) were found to be surface receptors for poly I:C in rainbow trout cells. In this study, ivt-dsRNA binding was blocked by poly I:C and v-dsRNA, as well as SR-A competitive ligands, suggesting all three dsRNA molecules are recognized by SR-As. Downstream innate antiviral effects were determined by measuring IFN and ISG transcript levels using qRT-PCR and antiviral assays. Similar to what has been shown previously with ivt-dsRNA, v-dsRNA was able to induce IFN and ISG transcript production between 3 and 24 h, and its effects were length dependent (i.e., longer v-dsRNA produced a stronger response). Interestingly, when v-dsRNA and ivt-dsRNA were length and sequence matched both molecules induced statistically similar IFN and ISG transcript levels, which resulted in similar antiviral states against two aquatic viruses. To pursue sequence effects further, three ivt-dsRNA molecules of the same length but different sequences (including host and viral sequences) were tested for their ability to induce IFN/ISG transcripts and an antiviral state. All three induced responses similarly. This study is the first of its kind to look at the effects v-dsRNA in fish cells as well as to compare ivt-dsRNA to v-dsRNA, and suggests that ivt-dsRNA may be a good surrogate for v-dsRNA in the study of dsRNA-induced responses and potential future antiviral therapies.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Viral dsRNA-Mediated Innate Immune Responses at the Cellular Level Using a Rainbow Trout Model

Poynter

DeWitte‐Orr

2018

Front. Immunol.

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“…CHSE‐214 from Chinook salmon and EPC from fathead minnow were obtained and grown as described previously (Pham et al. ; Winton et al. ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As described previously, chum salmon reovirus (CSV) was routinely produced and quantified (titred) on CHSE‐214 (DeWitte‐Orr and Bols ; Pham et al. ). Stock CSV, which was originally obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, VA), was added, at a 10 −1 dilution, to confluent monolayers of CHSE‐214 in 75 cm 2 flasks.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activation of an Aquareovirus, Chum Salmon Reovirus (CSV), by the CiliatesTetrahymena thermophilaandT. canadensis

Pinheiro

Bols

2018

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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For the first time, ciliates have been found to activate rather than inactivate a virus, chum salmon reovirus (CSV). Activation was seen as an increase in viral titre upon incubation of CSV at 22 °C with Tetrahymena canadenesis and two strains of T. thermophila: wild type (B1975) and a temperature conditional mutant for phagocytosis (NP1). The titre increase was not likely due to replication because CSV had no visible effects on the ciliates and no vertebrate virus has ever been shown unequivocally to replicate in ciliates. When incubated with B1975 and NP1 at 30 °C, CSV was activated only by B1975. Therefore, activation required CSV internalization because at 30 °C only B1975 exhibited phagocytosis. CSV replicated in fish cells at 18 to 26 °C but not at 30 °C. Collectively, these observations point to CSV activation being distinct from replication. Activation is attributed to the CSV capsid being modified in the ciliate phagosomal-lysosomal system and released in a more infectious form. When allowed to swim in CSV-infected fish cell cultures, collected, washed, and transferred to uninfected cultures, T. canadensis caused a CSV infection. Overall the results suggest that ciliates could have roles in the environmental dissemination of some fish viral diseases.

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“…Studies in 2014 included effects of dispersant prodcuts and dispersed oils on viruses, bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and adult or early life stages of mollusks, crustacean, and fishes., and also studies on other oil spill chemical treating agents. Readers should be aware that (1) inconsistent reporting of toxicity in terns of nominal concentrations, measured concentrations and/or mass vs % volume dilutions creates confusion and (2) there remains debate over whether dispersants and oil are synergistic or not.Viruses Pham et al (2014). exposed the aquatic viruses: viral hermorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), chum salmon reovirus (CSV), and frog virus 3 (FV3) to Corexit 9500 using cell lines propogated from fathead minnow and CHSE-214.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Pollution on Marine Organisms

Mearns

Reish

Oshida

et al. 2015

Water Environment Research

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This review covers selected 2014 articles on the biological effects of pollutants and human physical disturbances on marine and estuarine plants, animals, ecosystems and habitats. The review, based largely on journal articles, covers field and laboratory measurement activities (bioaccumulation of contaminants, field assessment surveys, toxicity testing and biomarkers) as well as pollution issues of current interest including endocrine disrupters, emerging contaminants, wastewater discharges, dredging and disposal, etc. Special emphasis is placed on effects of oil spills and marine debris due in part to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil blowout in the Gulf of Mexico and the 2011 Japanese tsunami. Several topical areas reviewed in the past (ballast water and ocean acidification) were dropped this year. The focus of this review is on effects, not pollutant fate and transport. There is considerable overlap across subject areas (e.g.some bioaccumulation papers may be cited in other topical categories). Please use keyword searching of the text to locate related but distributed papers. Use this review only as a guide and please consult the original papers before citing them.

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Corexit 9500 Inactivates Two Enveloped Viruses of Aquatic Animals but Enhances the Infectivity of a Nonenveloped Fish Virus

Cited by 7 publications

References 37 publications

Understanding Viral dsRNA-Mediated Innate Immune Responses at the Cellular Level Using a Rainbow Trout Model

Understanding Viral dsRNA-Mediated Innate Immune Responses at the Cellular Level Using a Rainbow Trout Model

Activation of an Aquareovirus, Chum Salmon Reovirus (CSV), by the CiliatesTetrahymena thermophilaandT. canadensis

Effects of Pollution on Marine Organisms

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