Risk‐taking increases under boredom

Kılıç, Ayşenur; Tilburg, Wijnand A.P. van; Igou, Eric R.

doi:10.1002/bdm.2160

Cited by 59 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 86 publications

(130 reference statements)

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“…However, as the authors noted, this may have been due to the fact that risk-taking in this task is confounded with time-on-task, (i.e., participants who choose to take more risks, have to spend more time on the task). Similarly, we found only two studies that have examined state boredom and behavior directly (Kılıç et al 2020 ; Miao et al 2019 ). In two experiments, Kılıç and colleagues ( 2020 ; Studies 2, 3) found state boredom to be positively correlated with risky decision making.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Similarly, we found only two studies that have examined state boredom and behavior directly (Kılıç et al 2020 ; Miao et al 2019 ). In two experiments, Kılıç and colleagues ( 2020 ; Studies 2, 3) found state boredom to be positively correlated with risky decision making. In their study 2, participants made 24 choices between a safe option (certain gain) and a risky option (50% chance to win double the certain gain from the safe option), and in study 3 they made 64 decisions between safe and risky options that both entailed risk (i.e., there was no certain outcome).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

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Boredom proneness is associated with noisy decision-making, not risk-taking

Yakobi

Danckert

2021

Exp Brain Res

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Previous research shows that individuals who tend to get bored frequently and intensely—the highly boredom prone—are more likely to engage in risky behaviors. However, these studies are based largely on self-reports. Here we address this gap and suggest that noisy decision-making (DM) is a potential driver for this relationship between boredom proneness and risk-taking. In Study 1, eighty-six participants completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) while EEG was recorded. We found blunted feedback processing with higher boredom proneness, as indexed by reduced feedback-P3 amplitudes. Risk taking, as indexed by the BART, was not higher in the highly boredom prone. In Study 2a ( N = 404) we directly tested the noisy DM hypothesis in an online sample using a binary choice task, and found that with higher boredom proneness, participants were more likely to alternate between choices on a trial-to-trial basis, but were not more likely to choose the risky alternative. These findings were replicated in a new sample (Study 2b), and extended to the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT; Study 3). In the IGT we found increased choice switching and reduced feedback sensitivity with higher boredom proneness. Once again, higher risk taking as indexed by the IGT was not evident in the highly boredom prone. Overall, our findings suggest that boredom proneness is associated with noisy decision-making (i.e., a tendency to alternate more between choice options regardless of risk level), and not risk-seeking per se. That is, the highly boredom prone are not necessarily attracted to risks, but rather, may be insensitive to risks due to reduced feedback sensitivity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Boredom proneness is associated with noisy decision-making, not risk-taking

Yakobi

Danckert

2021

Exp Brain Res

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“…Shock, fear, despair, and hope as found in our study are wellrecognized symptoms of traumatization 44 , whereas boredom in relation to restlessness and irritability are especially relevant for those in isolation and quarantine. Boredom if entrenched and severe, can manifest as a neurotic disorder that may erode self-control, leading to impulsivity, and risk-taking behavior 45 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A quantitative and qualitative study on the neuropsychiatric sequelae of acutely ill COVID-19 inpatients in isolation facilities

et al. 2020

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This study examined the neuropsychiatric sequelae of acutely ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection who received treatment in hospital isolation wards during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ten COVID-19 patients who received treatment in various hospitals in Chongqing, China; 10 age- and gender-matched psychiatric patients; and 10 healthy control participants residing in the same city were recruited. All participants completed a survey that collected information on demographic data, physical symptoms in the past 14 days and psychological parameters. Face-to-face interviews with COVID-19 patients were also performed using semi-structured questions. Among the COVID-19 patients, 40% had abnormal findings on the chest computed topography scan, 20% had dysosmia, 10% had dysgeusia, and 80% had repeated positivity on COVID-19 reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction testing. COVID-19 and psychiatric patients were significantly more worried about their health than healthy controls (p = 0.019). A greater proportion of COVID-19 patients experienced impulsivity (p = 0.016) and insomnia (p = 0.039) than psychiatric patients and healthy controls. COVID-19 patients reported a higher psychological impact of the outbreak than psychiatric patients and healthy controls, with half of them having clinically significant symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. COVID-19 and psychiatric patients had higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress than healthy controls. Three themes emerged from the interviews with COVID-19 patients: (i) The emotions experienced by patients after COVID-19 infection (i.e., shock, fear, despair, hope, and boredom); (ii) the external factors that affected patients’ mood (i.e., discrimination, medical expenses, care by healthcare workers); and (iii) coping and self-help behavior (i.e., distraction, problem-solving and online support). The future direction in COVID-19 management involves the development of a holistic inpatient service to promote immune and psychological resilience.

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“…Boredom is associated with a variety of problematic behaviors and a reduced quality of life. For example, boredom and curiosity were found to be the most common causes of drug use [ 13 , 14 ] and risk-taking behavior in general [ 15 ]. Boredom is also associated with problematic smartphone use [ 16 ] and eating in obese and normal-weight persons [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A German Validation of Four Questionnaires Crucial to the Study of Time Perception: BPS, CFC-14, SAQ, and MQT

Kübel

Wittmann

2020

IJERPH

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We aimed to validate four established questionnaires related to time perception in German (Consideration of Future Consequences-14 scale (CFC-14), Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS), Metacognitive Questionnaire on Time (MQT), and Self-Awareness Questionnaire (SAQ)) using a back-translation method. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted on the data of 273 German-speaking participants to evaluate the factorial structures. Internal consistencies indicated good reliability values of the questionnaires and the respective subscales, except for the MQT. Intercorrelations between the questionnaires were examined to test their external validities and gain additional insight into the associations among the constructs. The consideration of future consequences was negatively linked to boredom proneness, whereas interoceptive awareness of one’s bodily sensations was positively associated with boredom proneness. Additionally, interoceptive awareness was linked to metacognitive beliefs about which factors influence time perception. The results are discussed in regard to human time perception. Conclusion: The validated German questionnaires can now be used in research projects. Initial observations on how the questionnaires are related to each other fit the current knowledge on how human time perception works, yielding the first evidence for the external validity of the German versions of these established questionnaires. For evidence of criterion validity, future studies should more thoroughly investigate the external validities analyzing the correlations with other validated measures.

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Risk‐taking increases under boredom

Cited by 59 publications

References 86 publications

Boredom proneness is associated with noisy decision-making, not risk-taking

Boredom proneness is associated with noisy decision-making, not risk-taking

A quantitative and qualitative study on the neuropsychiatric sequelae of acutely ill COVID-19 inpatients in isolation facilities

A German Validation of Four Questionnaires Crucial to the Study of Time Perception: BPS, CFC-14, SAQ, and MQT

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