Risk factors for new depressive episodes in primary health care: an international prospective 12-month follow-up study

Abstract

Psychological/psychiatric problems were found to play the most important role in the prediction of depressive episodes while sociodemographic variables were of lower importance. Differences compared with other studies might be due to our prospective design and possibly also to our culturally different sample. Applied stratification procedures, which resulted in a sample at high risk of developing depression, might be a limitation of our study.

Longitudinal associations between depression and functioning in midlife women

“…Three studies evaluated domains of functioning at baseline as predictors of depressive symptoms or disorder (two primary care [21, 31], and one community study [32]). Zeiss and colleagues assessed functional impairment across several domains including vision, hearing and walking mobility, using a measure developed specifically for this community study of 680 persons ≥50 years without MDE at baseline who were reassessed two to four years later [32].…”

“…Three issues are noteworthy. First, although we focus on midlife (i.e., 40-65 years), many studies included wider age ranges [21, 22]. Second, some studies followed participants for many years (e.g., 8 years [23]; 25 years [24]) which meant that some participants could have been middle-aged at the start of the study and some at the end.…”

Schizophrenie und Depression

“…Sie berücksichtigt das häufige Vorausgehen des depressiven vor dem psychotischen Syndrom im Frühver-lauf der Schizophrenie und die gemeinsamen neurobiologischen Risikofaktoren -von der Genetik bis zu den Anomalien der Gehirnmorphologie -und versteht dies als Hinweis auf eine gemeinsame neurobiologische Ursachenregion. Bedenkt man weiter, dass Depressivität das häu-figste psychopathologische Syndrom in Bevölkerungsstudien[6,7,89] ist, dass sie als Folge von belastenden Lebensereignissen, Stresshormonen und konsumierenden körperlichen Erkrankungen und als Prodromalstadium von Psychosen, vielen Hirnkrankheiten und degenerativen Hirnprozessen (z. B. Alzheimer) auftritt, so bietet sich ein konsekutives Erklärungs-modell auf 2 Ebenen an: Homogenität des Syndroms, Häufigkeit seines Auftretens und Heterogenität seiner Ursachen lassen vermuten, das depressive Symptommuster sei ein mildes, in der genetischen Organisation des menschlichen Gehirns verankertes neurobiologisch-psychopathologisches Reaktionsmuster.…”

Socioeconomic Conditions and Risk of Mental Depression: An Empirical Analysis for Brazilian Citizens

“…Both the estimations from the model that considers all the eleven chronic physical diseases aggregated into a single variable and those generated by estimation from the model using disaggregated diseases indicate that having a chronic physical illness implies higher depression risk, as Moussavi et al [25], Aneshensel et al [38], and Barkow et al [24] also observed. It should be noted that the estimates suggest that all the eleven diseases considered in our study increase the likelihood of depressive symptoms emerging.…”

“…Little is known about the causality between mental and/or behavioral disorders and physical ailments. Some studies, however, emphasize that some physical diseases can lead to a chronic state of depression, as suggested, for example, by evidence found by Barkow et al [24]. It is important to note that severe chronic physical illness can have serious financial implications for patients and their families.…”