Socioeconomic Conditions and Risk of Mental Depression: An Empirical Analysis for Brazilian Citizens

Santos, Marcelo Justus dos; Kawamura, Henrique Coelho; Kassouf, Ana Lúcia

doi:10.1155/2012/278906

Cited by 15 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…This is because access to schooling may have a direct effect on mental and psychological health, through improvements in self-esteem and life choices. Finally, women who resided in households with more members were associated with higher odds of severe stress [ 46 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed methods exploration of Ghanaian women’s domestic work, childcare and effects on their mental health

Owoo

Lambon‐Quayefio

2021

PLoS ONE

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This research paper aims to understand the effects of time spent in domestic work, including childcare, on women’s mental health in Ghana. The paper adopted a triangulation convergence mixed methods approach. The quantitative information was sourced from two waves (2009/ 2014) of the Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Survey (GSEPS) while qualitative information was obtained from in-depth interviews with couples and key informants from five (5) regions, representing diverse ethnic backgrounds, in Ghana. Employing fixed effects regressions and a multinomial logistic regression model with fixed effects, we find that domestic work contributes to poorer mental health outcomes among women. These results are consistent, even when we correct for potential self-selectivity of women into domestic work. We also examine whether the relationship is differentiated between women of higher and lower socioeconomic status. We find that women from wealthier households who spend increasing time in domestic work have higher odds of mental distress. These results are supported by the qualitative data- women indicate increasing stress levels from domestic work and while some husbands acknowledge the situation of their overburdened wives and make attempts, however minor, to help, others cite social norms and cultural expectations that act as a deterrent to men’s assistance with domestic work. Efforts should be made to lessen the effects of social and cultural norms which continue to encourage gendered distributions of domestic work. This may be done through increased education, sensitization and general re-socialization of both men and women about the need for more egalitarian divisions of household work.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed methods exploration of Ghanaian women’s domestic work, childcare and effects on their mental health

Owoo

Lambon‐Quayefio

2021

PLoS ONE

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“…These findings were also replicated in this study. Family or household income seems to have some protective effect against depression, as proposed in another study [39]. Hypothesized theories include two main theories of social causation and social selection [40].…”

Section: Demographicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening for depressive symptoms in cardiovascular patients at a tertiary centre in Trinidad and Tobago: investigation of correlates in the SAD CAT study

et al. 2020

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Background This study aimed to screen cardiovascular patients for depressive symptoms at a tertiary centre in Trinidad and Tobago; and to determine any significant associations amongst patients’ demographics, comorbidities, and cardiovascular medications with depressive symptoms. Methods In this observational, cross-sectional study, patients (n = 1203) were randomly selected from the cardiology outpatient clinics at the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex. After meeting selection criteria, informed consent was obtained, and patients were administered a case report form, which included the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Descriptive analyses included frequency, percentage and summary statistics. Inferential analyses included 95% confidence intervals (CIs), independent sample t-test, Fisher’s exact test, Chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression. Results The study had a 96% respondent rate, whereby the average age was 62 years old. Slightly less than half were male, and 52.5% were female. Over 90 % of the sample had cardiovascular disease (CVD). One-quarter of the sample had a PHQ-9 score of ≥10, with almost one-fifth having no depressive symptoms. Females, lower levels of education and income were all found to be statistically significant at risk for depressive symptoms (all p-values < 0.001). Comorbidities associated with depressive symptoms included hypertension, prior cerebrovascular events, chronic kidney disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of OR 1.988 (CI 1.414–2.797), OR 1.847 (CI 1.251–2.728), OR 1.872 (CI 1.207–2.902) and OR 1.703 (CI 1.009–2.876) respectively. Only the cardiovascular medication of ticagrelor was found to be significantly associated with depressive symptoms (p-value < 0.001). Conclusions Twenty-five percent of screened cardiovascular patients displayed significant depressive symptoms with a PHQ-9 ≥ 10. This study also highlights the importance of implementing a multidisciplinary approach to managing cardiovascular disease and screening for depressive symptoms in this subpopulation. Further studies are required to validate these findings. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03863262. This trial was retrospectively registered on 20th February 2019.

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“…Depression is a disorder that can be reliably diagnosed and treated in primary care: as outlined in the World Health Organization (WHO) mhGAP Intervention Guide (12), preferable treatment options consist of basic psychosocial support combined with antidepressant medication or psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavior therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy or problem-solving treatment. Looking at gender, depression also strikes more women than men: its prevalence is one to five times greater in females (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). This gender gap can be explained by genetic, neurohormonal, psychobiological (20) and social factors (21), the latter far more predictive of gender gaps in depression than genetic or hormonal factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Instrumental Variable Probit (IVP) analysis on depressed mood in Korea: the impact of gender differences and other socio-economic factors

Gitto

Noh

Andrés

2015

Int J Health Policy Manag

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Background: Depression is a mental health state whose frequency has been increasing in modern societies. It imposes a great burden, because of the strong impact on people's quality of life and happiness. Depression can be reliably diagnosed and treated in primary care: if more people could get effective treatments earlier, the costs related to depression would be reversed. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of socio-economic factors and gender on depressed mood, focusing on Korea. In fact, in spite of the great amount of empirical studies carried out for other countries, few epidemiological studies have examined the socio-economic determinants of depression in Korea and they were either limited to samples of employed women or did not control for individual health status. Moreover, as the likely data endogeneity (i.e. the possibility of correlation between the dependent variable and the error term as a result of autocorrelation or simultaneity, such as, in this case, the depressed mood due to health factors that, in turn might be caused by depression), might bias the results, the present study proposes an empirical approach, based on instrumental variables, to deal with this problem. Methods: Data for the year 2008 from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were employed. About seven thousands of people (N= 6,751, of which 43% were males and 57% females), aged from 19 to 75 years old, were included in the sample considered in the analysis. In order to take into account the possible endogeneity of some explanatory variables, two Instrumental Variables Probit (IVP) regressions were estimated; the variables for which instrumental equations were estimated were related to the participation of women to the workforce and to good health, as reported by people in the sample. Explanatory variables were related to age, gender, family factors (such as the number of family members and marital status) and socio-economic factors (such as education, residence in metropolitan areas, and so on). As the results of the Wald test carried out after the estimations did not allow to reject the null hypothesis of endogeneity, a probit model was run too. Results: Overall, women tend to develop depression more frequently than men. There is an inverse effect of education on depressed mood (probability of -24.6% to report a depressed mood due to high school education, as it emerges from the probit model marginal effects), while marital status and the number of family members may act as protective factors (probability to report a depressed mood of -1.0% for each family member). Depression is significantly associated with socio-economic conditions, such as work and income. Living in metropolitan areas is inversely correlated with depression (probability of -4.1% to report a depressed mood estimated through the probit model): this could be explained considering that, in rural areas, people rarely have immediate access to high-quality health services. Conclusion: This study outlines the fact...

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Socioeconomic Conditions and Risk of Mental Depression: An Empirical Analysis for Brazilian Citizens

Cited by 15 publications

References 34 publications

Mixed methods exploration of Ghanaian women’s domestic work, childcare and effects on their mental health

Mixed methods exploration of Ghanaian women’s domestic work, childcare and effects on their mental health

Screening for depressive symptoms in cardiovascular patients at a tertiary centre in Trinidad and Tobago: investigation of correlates in the SAD CAT study

An Instrumental Variable Probit (IVP) analysis on depressed mood in Korea: the impact of gender differences and other socio-economic factors

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