Risk factors associated with postpartum depression in the Saudi population

Abstract

IntroductionPostpartum depression (PPD) is one of the major psychological disorders worldwide that affects both mother and child. The aim of this study was to correlate the risk of PPD with obstetric and demographic variables in Saudi females.Materials and methodsData were collected by interviewing females 8–12 weeks postpartum. PPD symptoms were defined as present when subjects had an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score of 10 or higher. Variables included in this study were age, education, occupation, parity, baby’s sex, pregnancy period, delivery type, hemoglobin level, anemia, and iron pills taken during pregnancy.ResultsOf the 352 postpartum females, the prevalence of PPD symptom risk was 117 (33.2%). Among the PPD symptomatic females, 66 (39.8%) had low hemoglobin levels, and 45 (40.5%) females were anemic during pregnancy (P≤0.05). These results suggest that early postpartum anemia, indicated by low hemoglobin level, is a significant risk factor for PPD (adjusted odds ratio 1.70, 95% confidence interval 1.05–2.74; P=0.03). Other variables, including age, parity, education, occupation, and delivery type, were not significantly correlated (P=0.15–0.95), but marginally indicative of the risk of depressive symptoms.ConclusionLow hemoglobin level and anemia during pregnancy were risk factors for PPD in Saudi females. Many other factors may be considered risk factors, such as age, occupation, and parity. Anemic women need more attention and to be checked regarding their PPD, and treated if necessary.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Postpartum Depression Among Mothers Attending Public Health Centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2016

“…Furthermore, PPD was significantly higher among participants who had low income compared to those who did not. This was similar to other studies conducted in Saudi Arabia [ 32 ], Qatar [ 22 ], Korea [ 33 ], western Iran [ 27 ], south India [ 34 ], and Japan [ 20 ]. This might be because of overstressing to provide their children with everything they feel they require despite financial constraints and may in turn be related to having experienced stressful life events related to money during pregnancy or previous in life.…”

Prevalence and predictors of postpartum depression in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A cross sectional study

“…However, our findings are in accordance with the report of World Health Organization's (2009) that indicated 20-40% prevalence of PPD in developing Prevalence and predictors of PPD in Riyadh countries. The possible reasons for earlier reports on lower PPD prevalence could be due to single centered sample collection [30] or limiting the interview time to 8-12 weeks post-delivery [29]. Our study was spread across several health care centers of Riyadh to have better representation of the residents of Riyadh.…”

Fatores de Risco e Proteção Associados à Depressão Pós-Parto no Pré-Natal Psicológico

“…B.2) Fatores de proteção sociodemográficos/contextual: Alto status de escolaridade (Urdaneta et al, 2011). C.1) Fatores de risco físico/hormonal: História de síndrome pré-menstrual (Morais et al, 2015;Sylvén et al, 2013;Tian Tian et al, 2012;Turkcapar et al, 2015); Desregulação hormonal e de citocinas inflamatórias (Okun et al, 2011); e da Anemia pós-parto precoce (Alharbi, & Abdulghani, 2014). C.2) Fatores de risco físico/obstétrico: Complicação/ intercorrência médica na gestação (Figueira et al, 2011;Urdaneta et al, 2011;Zambaldi et al, 2010); Gravidez não planejada (Castro et al, 2015;Rojas et al, 2010;Turkcapar et al, 2015); Gravidez indesejada (Kathree et al, 2014;Masmoudi et al, 2014;Nunes, & Phipps, 2013); Parto cesariano (Urdaneta et al, 2011); História de aborto espontâneo (Kinsey et al, 2014;Zambaldi et al, 2010); Não amamentar até as oito semanas do pós-parto (Davey et al, 2011), Parto vaginal ; Falta de acompanhamento pré-natal ginecológico (Rodríguez et al, 2013); Problemas no parto atual (Rohitkumar et al, 2014), Intimate partner violence (IPV) moderada ou grave durante a gravidez (Castro et al, 2015).…”