Prevalence and Factors Associated with Postpartum Depression Among Mothers Attending Public Health Centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2016

Abstract

Objectives:Postpartum Depression (PPD) is a serious public health problem that leads to high maternal morbidity and mortality, enormously affecting the infant, family and society. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with postpartum depression among postpartum mothers attending public health centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2016.Methods:Facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2016-April 2016 among 633 postpartum women. Four sub cities were identified through simple random sampling technique among 10 sub cities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Furthermore, the study participants were determined by systematic random sampling after 10 health centers were selected by lottery method and the number of participants in each health center was proportionally allocated. In order to determine postpartum depression, participants were rated using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the findings were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. P-value less than 0.05 with 95% confidence interval was used to state the association.Results:The study revealed prevalence of postpartum depression among mothers was 23.3%. Moreover, women who were unmarried, had unplanned pregnancy, delivered without presence of any relatives in health institutions, had previous history of child health, had history of substance use and had low income were found to more often display postpartum depression.Conclusion:For optimal maternal health care provision in regards to postpartum depression, integration of mental health service in addition to inter sectoral collaboration of women’s affair with health institutions is crucial.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Depression in Postnatal Women in the Case of a Low-Income Country; Ethiopia, 2020

“…In this meta-analysis, a total of sixteen studies that assessed the prevalence of postpartum depression (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36) and fourteen studies that assessed the associated factors (21,22,24,(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)59) had been analyzed. A total of 11400 postpartum women had participated in this analysis.…”

“…A total of 11400 postpartum women had participated in this analysis. Region-wise, six (26,28,29,34,36,59), six (22-25, 32, 35), three (21,31,33), one (27) and one (30) of the studies were from the southern part of Ethiopia, Amhara region, Oromia region, Addis Ababa and Tigray respectively. Of included studies three (26,34,36), ten (21-24, 27, 29-32, 35), and another three (25,28,33) utilized PHQ-9, EPDS, and SRQ-20 to asses depression in the postnatal women.…”

“…Of included studies three (26,34,36), ten (21-24, 27, 29-32, 35), and another three (25,28,33) utilized PHQ-9, EPDS, and SRQ-20 to asses depression in the postnatal women. Besides regarding, the design type of the study; eight (21,23,25,28,(32)(33)(34)36), seven (22,24,27,(29)(30)(31)35) and one (26) were communitybased cross-sectional, institution-based cross-sectional and cohort in respective order. Besides, six of the studies (23,25,27,28,30,34) employed a multi-stage sampling method during data collection.…”

“…Another systematic review and meta-analysis study in India which assessed 38 studies reported a pooled prevalence of postpartum depression to be 22% (10). Moreover, other individual studies reported earlier showed that postpartum depression was 17.6% in Portugal (11), 27.3% in China(12), 61.4% in Korea(13), 18.6% in Qatar(14), 34.8% in Iraq(15), 34% in Jamaica(16) ,15.4% in Turkey (17), 13.5% and 10.3% in Oman(18), 31.7% in South Africa (19), and 43% in Uganda (20).In Ethiopia, the prevalence of postpartum depression varies between 12.2-33.8% (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36).…”

“…Poor social support (37), poverty (38), and childbirth without the presence of relatives (39), history of depression (40), and poor woman autonomy (41) from socio-demographic variables, multi-parity (42), prime-parity (43,44), multiple children at home (45), negative attitude toward to one's pregnancy (22,(46)(47)(48)(49), depression during pregnancy (42,50), premarital pregnancy (51,52), miscarriage (53), and prenatal high anxiety(47) from pregnancy and newborn related factors, alcohol use in the husband (54), intimate partner violence (22,55,56), poor husbands education (45), husbands unemployment (46,57), and psychiatric problems in the husband (58) among husband related factors were among the associated factors for the development of postpartum depression. In the context of Ethiopia too, poor marital relation (27,29,32,34,35,59), unplanned pregnancy (21,22,24,27,29,32,34), previous history of depression (21,27,28,34), domestic violence…”