Risk analyses in clonal forestry

Roberds, James H.; Bishir, John

doi:10.1139/x96-202

Cited by 42 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Populus plantations are vulnerable to a large number of pests (Ostry et al 1989), and therefore resistance breeding and judicious deployment of clonal cultivars are necessary for successful management. The number, and resistance characteristics of clones are important considerations for short-rotation clonal forestry (Roberds and Bishir 1997). In particular, resistant host plants can exert selective pressure on herbivores to evolve resistant biotypes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of elicitation treatment and genotypic variation on induced resistance in Populus : impacts on gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) development and feeding behavior

Havill

Raffa

1999

Oecologia

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We examined the effects of various wounding treatments and genotypic variation on induced resistance in Populus (Salicales: Salicaceae) against herbivory by the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Second-instar larvae grew and consumed less on leaves from induced than non-induced trees. Likewise, larvae preferred leaf disks from non-induced trees. Among induction treatments, gypsy moth feeding had the strongest and most consistent effect in behavioral choice tests. Mechanical wounding of leaves and mechanical wounding plus application of gypsy moth regurgitant had intermediate effects, while application of jasmonic acid had the weakest overall effect. Under no-choice conditions, there were no consistent trends across clones in the ability of various treatments to elicit plant responses affecting the herbivore. Levels of constitutive and inducible resistance to herbivory varied significantly among 12 Populus clones. Larvae grew up to 30-fold more, and consumed up to 250-fold more on the most suitable than the least suitable clone. Prior feeding by gypsy moths reduced larval feeding up to 71.4% on the most highly inducible clone, but it had little or no effect for the least inducible clones. There was no evidence for a relationship between levels of inducible and constitutive resistance, or between inducible resistance and phylogenetic relatedness among clones. We discuss implications for the ecology and evolution of plant-insect interactions and the management of insect pests.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of elicitation treatment and genotypic variation on induced resistance in Populus : impacts on gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) development and feeding behavior

Havill

Raffa

1999

Oecologia

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“…When this is not a concern, the best solution in production is to simply use the genotype with the highest ranking value, as with some annual horticultural crops or high value perennials like grape vines. Failures or high risks of one or few genotypes in production populations associated with biotic and environmental stresses have repeatedly been reported and warned about, particularly when a clone or pure line is applied (USCGVMC, 1972;Marshall and Allard, 1974;Heybroek, 1978;Kannenberg, 1984;Libby, 1982;Wolfe, 1985;Hiihn, 1986;Roberds and Bishir, 1997). Diversity, e.g., (2) with proper k , is perhaps the most frequently used measure for comparing the resistance capacity of a genotype mixture with a single-genotype population (e.g., Heybroek, 1978;Kannenberg, 1984;Lindgren et al, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the United States, e.g., a single mutant from which 75% of the corn crop was descended was found susceptible to the corn blight fungus (USCGVMC, 1972). Meanwhile, theoretical studies have shown that populations established with one or few clones have high probability of failure due to biotic or environmental stresses that are usually unpredictable factors (Marshall and Allard, 1974;Libby, 1982;Wolfe, 1985;Mundt, Brophy, and Kolar, 1996;Roberds and Bishir, 1997). As high gain and low vulnerability are generally incompatible, it is desirable to increase gain with minimum risk or genetic vulnerability in the production population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Usually, superior genotypes are equally deployed to mixtures, which will be referred to as uniform deployment in this study. Studies estimated the acceptable number of genotypes that could minimize the probability of risks associated with either predictable or unpredictable calamities (Libby, 1982;Hiihn, 1986;Roberds and Bishir, 1997). However, it has been proven that uniform deployment is not optimal when allowing for diversity and varying number of the deployed genotypes (Lindgren et al, 1989;Wei and Lindgren, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimal Diversity‐Dependent Contributions of Genotypes to Mixtures

Wei

Yeh

1999

Biometrics

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Deployment of genotypes to a production population decisively depends on the measure of diversity, a consideration that parallels genetic gain in the management of genotype mixtures. Optimal diversity-dependent deployment has been developed in this study for a family of diversity indices in the genetical and ecological context. The optimal solution at given diversity was expressed as the relationship between genotype contributions and their genetic performances, which maximized genetic gain. Numerical calculations were performed by using genotypes generated from normal order statistics. An optimal deployment in one situation could be nonoptimum in another. Classical uniform deployment, where superior genotypes equally contribute to the mixtures, was the limit of optimal deployment. Comparisons were made between optimal and uniform deployment and between optimal and nonoptimal deployment where genotypes contributed proportionally to the mixtures in accordance to their genetic superiority. The superiority in gain of optimal deployment over that of uniform deployment increased as the difference between the diversity measure under optimal deployment and the contributing number (N) of genotypes under uniform deployment became large and as the diversity measure and N under optimal deployment increased. The superiority over nonoptimal deployment increased rapidly at low diversity, reaching a maximum somewhere at diversity between 1 and N. Scale of superiority depended on the similitude between optimum and nonoptimum deployment; the larger the distinctiveness, the greater the superiority.

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“…For the establishment of SO in Finland the minimum number of clones is 30 (Koski 1980) and in Sweden the proposed number is 20 clones (Lindgren & Prescher 2005). Concerning the number of clones to include in the establishment of SO, different recommendations are made by a number of authors: more than 20 clones (Johnson & Lipow 2002), no more than 30 (Yanchuk et al 2006) or 40 (Bishir & Roberds 1999), between 30 to 40 (Roberds & Bishir 1997), more than 40 (Koski 2000). However, not all clones should be represented with an equal number of ramets (Lindgren 1974, Lindgren & Matheson 1986, Hodge & White 1993).…”

Section: Seed Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity and forest reproductive material - from seed source selection to planting

Ivetić¹,

Devetaković²,

Nonić³

et al. 2016

iForest

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Relation between genetic diversity and mass production of forest reproductive material is discussed in a holistic manner. In industrial forest plantations, narrow genetic diversity is desirable and reproductive material is produced at clone level. On the other hand, in conservation forestry a wide genetic diversity is imperative. Beside management goals, a desirable level of genetic diversity is related to rotation cycle and ontogeny of tree species. Risks of failure are lower in short rotations of fast growing species. In production of slow growing species, managed in long rotations, the reduction of genetic diversity increases the risk of failure due to causes unknown or unexpected at the time of planting. This risk is additionally increased in cases of seed transfer and in conditions of climate change. Every step in production of forest reproductive material, from collection to nursery production, has an effect on genetic diversity mainly by directional selection and should be considered. This review revealed no consistent decrease of genetic diversity during forest reproductive material production and planting.

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Risk analyses in clonal forestry

Cited by 42 publications

References 4 publications

Effects of elicitation treatment and genotypic variation on induced resistance in Populus : impacts on gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) development and feeding behavior

Effects of elicitation treatment and genotypic variation on induced resistance in Populus : impacts on gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) development and feeding behavior

Optimal Diversity‐Dependent Contributions of Genotypes to Mixtures

Genetic diversity and forest reproductive material - from seed source selection to planting

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