“Rising” States and Global Reach: Measuring “Globality” among BRICS/MIKTA Countries

Abstract

Global reach is equated with national ambition. In the contemporary international system, one measure of global reach for states is their inclusion in global summits. This association is particularly compelling for putative “rising” states from the Global South, among the BRICS (China, India, and Brazil) and also a less well-known forum, MIKTA (Mexico, South Korea, Turkey, and Indonesia) groupings. Yet the standard means of examining the attributes of rising states via country specific and impressionistic studies appears to reveal that these rising powers are similar in many respects but there are significant differences as well. To help identify these differences we turn to a concept and data referred to as “globality.” We believe that this concept is helpful in more accurately analyzing the global reach of rising Global South countries. Though not that well known in the international relations literature, globality emphasizes agency by self-aware actors. Globality can be operationalized by tracing certain dimensions: institutional/diplomatic range; trade profile; and the trajectory of official development assistance. Broadly, the conclusion drawn from such a globality analysis substantiates a sharp distinction between the BRICS members and the MIKTA countries. The BRICS countries have some considerable capacity for global reach while it turns out that the MIKTA countries are regionally entrapped and thus less capable of global projection. Moreover, the specifics in terms of this pattern of differentiation are salient as well. The overall confirmation of an interconnection between subjective impressions of hierarchy and objective measurements of global projection, underscore the contrast between BRICS and MIKTA in summitry dynamics.

CSR, Local Content and Taking Control: Do Shifts in Rhetoric Echo Shifts in Power from the Centre to the Periphery?

“…Once it was the lot of 'peripheral' states to suffer major economic crises and lack of confidence whilst the privileged states at the 'centre' imposed on them numerous interventions and 'aid'. In this new world order resource rich states are not only exercising more control over how their resources are extracted they are also starting to compete in terms of wealth-generating industries in both manufacturing and services (Sirkin et al, 2008;Cooper, 2019). Now the expensive countries of the developed world struggle to generate the value they had taken for granted and alongside that struggle comes a change in the political rhetoric and accompanying policies that intend to reshape the relationship between business and society.…”

MIKTA Ülkelerinde Çevresel Phillips Eğrisi Hipotezi Geçerli Mi?

“…Çalışmada MIKTA ülkelerinin tercih edilmesinin nedenleri şu şekilde ifade edilebilir: i) Bu ülkeler yüksek ekonomik performansları ile dünyanın en büyük 20 ekonomisi (G-20) arasında yer almaktadır (Kim vd., 2018: 475). ii) Üretim, nüfus, jeopolitik konum ve diplomatik kapasiteleri itibarıyla küresel politikalarda etkin rol oynamaktadırlar (Cooper, 2018;Jeong, 2019: 250). iii) Ülke grubunda Meksika, Endonezya ve Avustralya gibi yüksek enerji potansiyeline sahip ülkeler yer almaktadır (IEA, 2022)…”