Rise of the Visible Monkey: Sectioned Images of Rhesus Monkey

Chung, Beom Sun; Jeon, Chang‐Yeop; Huh, Jae‐Won; Jeong, Kang-Jin; Har, Dong-Hwan; Kwack, Kyu-Sung; Park, Jin Seo

doi:10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e66

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 45 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…In our Visible Monkey project, real-color sectioned images of the whole body of a female rhesus monkey (intervals of 0.05 and 0.5 mm, pixel size of 0.024 mm, and color depth of 48 bits) were produced [22]. Based on the sectioned images, surface models of 177 structures in an anatomical position were created [27].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For verifying MRI stability, EMR simulations based on a monkey phantom of only one anatomical position has been recently produced [21]. The monkey phantom was made from data of our Visible Monkey project [22]. However, if an EMR simulation is conducted not only for medical devices but also for electronic devices on a monkey phantom, then the original posture of the phantom will be unsuitable because living monkeys are exposed to electromagnetic radiation in different postures during their daily routines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Posture-Transformed Monkey Phantoms Developed from a Visible Monkey

et al. 2021

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A monkey phantom is of significant value for electromagnetic radiation (EMR) dosimetry simulations. Furthermore, phantoms in various postures are needed because living beings are exposed to EMR in various postures during their daily routine. In this study, we attempted to produce monkey phantoms based on three daily postures of a rhesus monkey. From our Visible Monkey project, we selected surface models with 177 monkey structures. In the surface models, 52 virtual joints were created to allow for changes from the anatomical position to quadrupedal and sitting positions using commercial software. The surface models of the three positions were converted into monkey voxel phantoms. These phantoms were arranged in three positions, and the number of voxels and mass of each structure were analyzed. The phantoms in anatomical, quadrupedal, and sitting positions have a total of 5,054,022, 5,174,453, and 4,803,886 voxels, respectively. The mass of 177 structures in three positions were also calculated based on the number of voxels. By comparing the monkey phantom with the phantom of a female human, we confirmed thicker skin, less fat, heavier muscle, and a lighter skeleton in monkeys than those in humans. Through posture-transformed monkey phantoms, more precise EMR simulations could be possible. The ultimate purpose of this study is to determine the effects of EMR on humans. For this purpose, we will create posture-transformed human phantoms in a following study using the techniques employed herein and the human phantoms from our previous study.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posture-Transformed Monkey Phantoms Developed from a Visible Monkey

et al. 2021

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“…The boundaries between organs and tissues were manually contoured using Adobe Photoshop ® . The whole process took about 2 months under the guidance of the atlas of the monkey anatomy . Each segmented region was labeled with a number referring to a particular organ or tissue (Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Image acquisition was performed at Dongguk University School of Medicine in Korea on an 8-yr-old female rhesus monkey of 75.8 cm length and 4.3 kg where MRI, CT, and cryosection images were collected. 15 The digital cryosection images were obtained at 8688 9 5792 image resolution, corresponding to a pixel size of 0.024 mm 9 0.024 mm and were then downscaled to intervals and pixel resolution of 0.1 mm 9 0.1 mm 9 0.1 mm for image segmentation. Figure 1 shows the obtained CT, MRI, and cryosection images of the rhesus monkey at the level of the head, chest, and abdomen.…”

Section: A Acquisition Of Monkey Image Datasetmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a nonhuman primate computational phantom for radiation dosimetry

et al. 2019

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Purpose The nonhuman primate (NHP) is an important animal model for evaluating the response of the human body to radiation exposure owing to similarities between its organ structure, genome, life span, and metabolism. However, there is a lack of radiation dosimetry estimations for NHPs. The aim of this work is to construct a computational phantom of NHPs and estimate absorbed fractions and specific absorbed fractions for internal radiation dosimetry. Materials and methods A female rhesus monkey was frozen and sectioned using a cryomacrotome. The transaxial sectioned images were imported into Adobe Photoshop for segmentation of internal organs. A total of 31 organs/tissues were identified and labeled. The segmented voxel phantom was then converted to a boundary representation (BREP) phantom to enable easy alteration of the phantom to mimic monkeys of different stature. The BREP model was then voxelized and imported into the MCNPX Monte Carlo radiation transport code for electron and photon dosimetry calculations. To estimate the appropriateness of using human phantoms as surrogate models for NHPs, absorbed fractions (AFs) and specific absorbed fractions (SAFs) of monoenergetic electrons and photons were calculated and compared with the ICRP reference newborn female phantom and a 1‐yr‐old female phantom. Results Considerable differences were observed for both self‐absorbed and cross‐absorbed doses for some organs between the NHP phantom and newborn phantom. For example, the ratios of the self‐absorbed SAF(stomach wall) Monkey to SAF(stomach wall) Newborn ranged from 0.06 at 10 keV to 0.29 at 3 MeV for photons while the corresponding ratios to cross‐absorbed SAF(liver→kidney) Monkey to SAF(liver→kidney) Newborn ranged from 0.78 at 50 keV to 5.78 at 10 keV for photons. Conversely, values of self‐absorbed SAF were much higher (ratios of 2.39–4.19) for the brain and much lower for the uterus (0.51–0.61) in the monkey model compared to the newborn phantom. These dose differences can be attributed to the disparities between organ masses, shapes, and positions between the two phantoms. Conclusions The developed NHP model can be exploited for the assessment of radiation dose to NHPs in preclinical radiation dosimetry studies and radiation therapy research.

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“…The cytoarchitecture and function of NHPs pancreatic islets that produce insulin are very similar to humans [ 34 ], making NHPs a critical model for T2D and DCM. Cardiac MRI and echocardiography have also been used to characterize cardiac functions in NHPs with T2D and DCM [ 31 , 35 , 36 ]. NHPs and humans have very similar systems in regulating blood glucose.…”

Section: Studies In Cardiac Mediated Cellular Pathways In Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Role of Glucose Overload in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Nonhuman Primates

Xiu

Jin

2021

Journal of Diabetes Research

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Type 2 diabetes (T2D) plays a major role in the development of heart failure. Patients with T2D have an increased risk to develop HF than healthy subjects, and they always have very poor outcomes and survival rates. However, the underlying mechanisms for this are still unclear. To help develop new therapeutic interventions, well-characterized animal models for preclinical and translational investigations in T2D and HF are urgently needed. Although studies in rodents are more often used, the research findings in rodents have often failed to be translated into humans due to the significant metabolic differences between rodents and humans. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) serve as valuable translational models between basic studies in rodent models and clinical studies in humans. NHPs can recapitulate the natural progress of these diseases in humans and study the underlying mechanism due to their genetic similarity and comparable spontaneous T2D rates to humans. In this review, we discuss the importance of using NHPs models in understanding diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) in humans with aspects of correlations between hyperglycemia and cardiac dysfunction progression, glucose overload, and altered glucose metabolism promoting cardiac oxidative stress and mitochondria dysfunction, glucose, and its effect on cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-d), the currently available diabetic NHPs models and the limitations involved in the use of NHP models.

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Rise of the Visible Monkey: Sectioned Images of Rhesus Monkey

Cited by 15 publications

References 45 publications

Posture-Transformed Monkey Phantoms Developed from a Visible Monkey

Posture-Transformed Monkey Phantoms Developed from a Visible Monkey

Development of a nonhuman primate computational phantom for radiation dosimetry

A Role of Glucose Overload in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Nonhuman Primates

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