Rift Valley Fever in Egypt and other African countries: Historical review, recent outbreaks and possibility of disease occurrence in Egypt

Kenawy, M. A.; Abdel-Hamid, Yousrya M.; Beier, John C.

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.01.015

Cited by 42 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…However, there have been no reports of transmission of these viruses in Israel. Rift valley fever (RVF), transmitted by mosquitos, has never been reported in Israel, but its re-occurrence in Egypt [76] suggests that its incursion into Israel in the future is a realistic possibility.…”

Section: National Mosquito-borne Threatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Mosquito-Borne Threats and the Response from European and Eastern Mediterranean Countries

Johnson

Marco

Giovannini

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Mosquito-borne viruses are the cause of some of the greatest burdens to human health worldwide, particularly in tropical regions where both human populations and mosquito numbers are abundant. Due to a combination of anthropogenic change, including the effects on global climate and wildlife migration there is strong evidence that temperate regions are undergoing repeated introduction of mosquito-borne viruses and the re-emergence of viruses that previously were not detected by surveillance. In Europe, the repeated introductions of West Nile and Usutu viruses have been associated with bird migration from Africa, whereas the autochthonous transmission of chikungunya and dengue viruses has been driven by a combination of invasive mosquitoes and rapid transcontinental travel by infected humans. In addition to an increasing number of humans at risk, livestock and wildlife, are also at risk of infection and disease. This in turn can affect international trade and species diversity, respectively. Addressing these challenges requires a range of responses both at national and international level. Increasing the understanding of mosquito-borne transmission of viruses and the development of rapid detection methods and appropriate therapeutics (vaccines / antivirals) all form part of this response. The aim of this review is to consider the range of mosquito-borne viruses that threaten public health in Europe and the eastern Mediterranean, and the national response of a number of countries facing different levels of threat.

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Section: National Mosquito-borne Threatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Mosquito-Borne Threats and the Response from European and Eastern Mediterranean Countries

Johnson

Marco

Giovannini

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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“…The model predictions showed that 55% of human cases resulted from vector transmission, and 45% from direct contact. The main route of RVFV transmission to humans reported to date, during epidemics, is the transmission by direct contact ( 33 – 35 ). Here, while the proportion of vector-mediated infections decreased with the proportion of the farming population (to 42% if only 10% of the population have regular contact with animals), it remained high, suggesting that the vector-mediated transmission might have played an important role in this setting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Rift Valley fever virus spillover to humans during the Mayotte 2018–2019 epidemic

Métras

Edmunds

Youssouffi³

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging, zoonotic, arboviral hemorrhagic fever threatening livestock and humans mainly in Africa. RVF is of global concern, having expanded its geographical range over the last decades. The impact of control measures on epidemic dynamics using empirical data has not been assessed. Here, we fitted a mathematical model to seroprevalence livestock and human RVF case data from the 2018–2019 epidemic in Mayotte to estimate viral transmission among livestock, and spillover from livestock to humans through both direct contact and vector-mediated routes. Model simulations were used to assess the impact of vaccination on reducing the epidemic size. The rate of spillover by direct contact was about twice as high as vector transmission. Assuming 30% of the population were farmers, each transmission route contributed to 45% and 55% of the number of human infections, respectively. Reactive vaccination immunizing 20% of the livestock population reduced the number of human cases by 30%. Vaccinating 1 mo later required using 50% more vaccine doses for a similar reduction. Vaccinating only farmers required 10 times as more vaccine doses for a similar reduction in human cases. Finally, with 52.0% (95% credible interval [CrI] [42.9–59.4]) of livestock immune at the end of the epidemic wave, viral reemergence in the next rainy season (2019–2020) is unlikely. Coordinated human and animal health surveillance, and timely livestock vaccination appear to be key to controlling RVF in this setting. We furthermore demonstrate the value of a One Health quantitative approach to surveillance and control of zoonotic infectious diseases.

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“…It was suggested that the import of infected camels was the source of the outbreak. Another hypothesis suggested that the import of sheep caused the introduction of the disease in the country [38]. Another outbreak appeared in 1993 among human and domestic animals [214].…”

Section: Egyptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another outbreak appeared in 1993 among human and domestic animals [214]. In this outbreak, 128 confirmed human cases were reported, with 41 individuals having ocular disease [38]. It was also suggested that occupational exposure to infected tissues and blood, especially those working in slaughterhouses, put the population at risk of infection.…”

Section: Egyptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the ‘One Health’ Concept

et al. 2020

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Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are of great public health concern. The recent emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in China, which causes COVID-19 disease in humans, and its current spread to several countries, leading to the first pandemic in history to be caused by a coronavirus, highlights the significance of zoonotic viral diseases. Rift Valley fever, rabies, West Nile, chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, and influenza viruses among many other viruses have been reported from different African countries. The paucity of information, lack of knowledge, limited resources, and climate change, coupled with cultural traditions make the African continent a hotspot for vector-borne and zoonotic viral diseases, which may spread globally. Currently, there is no information available on the status of virus diseases in Africa. This systematic review highlights the available information about viral diseases, including zoonotic and vector-borne diseases, reported in Africa. The findings will help us understand the trend of emerging and re-emerging virus diseases within the African continent. The findings recommend active surveillance of viral diseases and strict implementation of One Health measures in Africa to improve human public health and reduce the possibility of potential pandemics due to zoonotic viruses.

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Rift Valley Fever in Egypt and other African countries: Historical review, recent outbreaks and possibility of disease occurrence in Egypt

Cited by 42 publications

References 58 publications

Emerging Mosquito-Borne Threats and the Response from European and Eastern Mediterranean Countries

Emerging Mosquito-Borne Threats and the Response from European and Eastern Mediterranean Countries

Estimation of Rift Valley fever virus spillover to humans during the Mayotte 2018–2019 epidemic

Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the ‘One Health’ Concept

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