Rice husk ash filled natural rubber. III. Role of metal oxides in kinetics of sulfur vulcanization

Costa, Helson M. da; Visconte, Leila L. Y.; Nunes, Regina C. R.; Furtado, Cristina R. G.

doi:10.1002/app.12684

Cited by 41 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The maximum torque ( M H ) and M H – M L presented a positive correlation with the silica content. As the torque variation ( M H – M L ) is just an indirect measure of V c , the larger its value is, the higher its V c will be. Depending on the results, the V c improved with decreasing ENR–silica ratio.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self‐crosslinkable epoxidized natural rubber–silica hybrids

Jia

Wang

et al. 2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)–silica hybrids without any other additives were prepared by an open‐mill mixing method at room temperature. The curing characteristics, crosslinking density, mechanical properties, and dynamical mechanical properties were investigated. The results indicate that the ENR–silica hybrid materials could be cured with silica as a crosslinking and reinforcing agent. Attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid‐state 13C‐NMR spectroscopy exposed the characteristics of the interfacial interaction in the hybrids and confirmed the existence of chemical bonds and hydrogen bonds between the epoxy group and SiOH. Scanning electron microscopy illustrated a good dispersion of silica in the ENR matrix. Meanwhile, the modulus at 100% elongation of the hybrid reached 9.64 MPa when 100‐phr silica was loaded; a similar trend was observed for the hardness. Finally, our findings might extend the concept of rubber curing and open a new space for making an environmentally friendly rubber composite. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44605.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After that, it was observed by NMR spectroscopy. 25 the larger its value is, the higher its V c will be. Depending on the results, the V c improved with decreasing ENR-silica ratio.…”

Section: Atr-ftir Spectroscopy Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐crosslinkable epoxidized natural rubber–silica hybrids

Jia

Wang

et al. 2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…However, at equal filler loading levels of 30 phr, the RHA exhibited shorter scorch and cure times than the silica. The most probable factor to account for this observation is the specific surface area, with low specific surface allowing less hydroxyl groups on the RHA surfaces [27,28]. This reduces the cure retardation by the adsorption of curatives.…”

Section: Cure Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Filler from a Renewable Resource and Silane Coupling Agent on the Properties of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

Pongdong

Nakason

Kummerlöwe

et al. 2015

Journal of Chemistry

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Rice husk ash (RHA) was used as a reinforcing filler in epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) with various loading levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 phr), and silica filled ENR was also studied for comparison. The effects of RHA content on cure characteristics, mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, and thermoelastic behavior of the filled ENR composites were investigated. It was found that the incorporation of RHA significantly affected the cure characteristics and mechanical properties. That is, the incorporation of RHA caused faster curing reactions and increased Young's modulus and tensile strength relative to the unfilled compound. This might be attributed to the metal oxide impurities in RHA that enhance the crosslinking reactions, thus increasing the crosslink density. Further improvements in the curing behavior and the mechanical properties of the filled composites were achieved by in situ silanization with bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (Si69). It was found that the rubber-filler interactions reinforced the composites. This was indicated by the decreased damping characteristic (tan ) and the other changes in the mechanical properties. Furthermore, the ENR composites with Si69 had improved filler dispersion. Temperature scanning stress relaxation (TSSR) results suggest that the metal oxide impurities in RHA promote degradation of the polymer network at elevated temperatures.

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“…and Table , it is clear that compared to the gum vulcanizate, the addition of RHA drastically decreased scorch and cure times, and gave very high cure rate index and strong reversion for the RHA filled ENR‐25 vulcanizate. This is attributed to the metal oxides in the RHA that accelerate the crosslinking reactions and increase the cure rate index, in rubber compounds . On the other hand, the addition of SE did not significantly change the scorch and cure times from those of the gum vulcanizate.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

A comparative study of rice husk ash and siliceous earth as reinforcing fillers in epoxidized natural rubber composites

Pongdong

Kummerlöwe²,

Vennemann³

et al. 2016

Polymer Composites

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Rice husk ash (RHA) and siliceous earth (SE) were compared as alternative reinforcing fillers in epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) vulcanizates. The effects of RHA and SE on processability, curing characteristics, mechanical, thermal and morphological properties, and thermoelastic behavior of vulcanizates were studied, in the presence and absence of bis(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) silane coupling agent. The results indicated that the RHA offers processing advantages over the commercial SE. The filled ENR vulcanizates without TESPT provided higher tensile strengths than the unfilled ENR vulcanizates, but had lower elongations at break. This is attributed to physical interactions between filler particles and rubber matrix, which affects the reinforcement by the filler. The modification of filler surfaces with TESPT resulted in further improved properties of the rubber vulcanizates. This is attributed to the coupling of polymer matrix and filler particles via TESPT linkages that increased the polymer–filler interactions. It was also found that the RHA filler, a renewable resource, exhibited similar reinforcement to the conventional SE. This indicates that the RHA has great potential as a reinforcing filler that can substitute for conventional SE in polymer composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:414–426, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Rice husk ash filled natural rubber. III. Role of metal oxides in kinetics of sulfur vulcanization

Cited by 41 publications

References 49 publications

Self‐crosslinkable epoxidized natural rubber–silica hybrids

Self‐crosslinkable epoxidized natural rubber–silica hybrids

Influence of Filler from a Renewable Resource and Silane Coupling Agent on the Properties of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

A comparative study of rice husk ash and siliceous earth as reinforcing fillers in epoxidized natural rubber composites

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