Rhizobial Lipo-Oligosaccharide Signals: Their Biosynthesis and Their Role in the Plant

Spaink, Herman P.; Aarts, A.; Bloemberg, Guido V.; Folch, Jorge Luis; Geiger, Otto; Schlaman, Helmi R. M.; Thomas‐Oates, Jane; Brussel, A. A. N. Van; Sande, K. van de; Spronsen, P. Van; Wijfjes, André H. M.; Lugtenberg, Ben

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0651-3_16

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The genetic organization of the nodI and nodJ genes together with the nodA, nodB, and nodC genes in one operon and the homologies of their gene products with various ATPdependent secretion proteins have led to many speculations about their function (5,10,12,22,23,32). However, direct proof for a role in the secretion of LCOs has not been reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spaink et al (24) reported that inactivation of the nodI, nodJ, and nodT genes in a wild-type Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae strain did not influence the amount of secreted LCOs after overnight induction of the nod genes. By using LCO-overproducing strains, a positive effect of the nodI and nodJ genes under the same conditions in the same chromosomal background was detected (23). In contrast, McKay and Djordjevic (16) reported that nodI and nodJ are essential for secretion of LCOs in an LCO-overproducing strain of R. leguminosarum biovar trifolii after overnight induction.…”

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confidence: 95%

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Rhizobium NodI and NodJ proteins play a role in the efficiency of secretion of lipochitin oligosaccharides

1995

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Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of extracts of D-[1-14 C]glucosamine-labelled rhizobia was used to analyze the effects of nodI, nodJ, and nodT on secretion of lipochitin oligosaccharide (LCO) signal molecules. Secretion was analyzed by comparing quantitities of radiolabelled LCOs present in the cellular and spent growth medium fractions. A second rapid and sensitive method was introduced to estimate the secreted LCO fractions by using D-[1-14 C]glucosamine-labelled cells grown in medium supplemented with chitinase. At various times after induction of LCO synthesis, the quantity of degradation products of LCOs was compared with the amount of nondegraded LCOs. In wild-type strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovars viciae and trifolii the nodI and nodJ genes (but not the nodT gene) strongly enhance the secretion of LCOs during the first 5 h after the induction of LCO synthesis. In LCO-overproducing strains the enhancement of secretion was observed only during the first 3 h after induction. At times later than 5 h after induction, a significant influence of the presence of the nodI and nodJ genes on LCO secretion was detectable neither in the wild type nor in LCO-overproducing strains. By using plasmids in which the nodI and nodJ genes are cloned separately under control of a flavonoid-inducible promoter, it was shown that both genes are needed for a wild-type level of LCO secretion. Therefore, these results demonstrate that nodI and nodJ play a role in determining the efficiency of LCO secretion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 95%

Rhizobium NodI and NodJ proteins play a role in the efficiency of secretion of lipochitin oligosaccharides

1995

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“…The results of Benhamou and Asselin (1989) indicate that chitin derivatives may occur in secondary plant cell walls of various plant species. Lipophilic molecules that can be degraded by chitinase appear to be present in uninfected Lathyrus plants (Spaink et al, 1993), but their biological relevance remains to be determined. The Xenopus gene DG42, transiently expressed during early embryogenesis (Rosa et al, 1988), was found to have sequence homology with the Rhizobium nodC gene and with the yeast chitin synthase I1 (CHS2) and catalytic subunit of chitin synthase III (CSD2) genes (Sandal and Marcker, 1990;Bulawa, 1992), suggesting that N-acetylglucosamine-containing signal molecules may be fairly common.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhizobium Lipooligosaccharides Rescue a Carrot Somatic Embryo Mutant.

Jong¹,

Heidstra²,

Spaink³

et al. 1993

Plant Cell

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Ton Bisseling,'At a nonpermissive temperature, somatic embryos of the temperature-sensitive (ts) carrot cell mutant tsll only proceed beyond the globular embryo stage in the presence of medium conditioned by wild-type embryos. The causative component in the conditioned medium has previously been identified as a 32-kD acidic endochitinase. In search of a function for this enzyme in plant embryogenesis, several compounds that contain oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine were tested for their ability to promote tsll embryo formation. Of these compounds, only the Rhizobium lipooligosaccharides or nodulation (Nod) factors were found to be effective in rescuing the formation of tsll embryos. These results suggest that N-acetylglucosamine-containing lipooligosaccharides from bacterial origin can mimic the effect of the carrot endochitinase. This endochitinase may therefore be involved in the generation of plant analogs of the Rhizobium Nod factors.

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“…Nod factors are lipo-oligosaccharides consisting of an oligomeric backbone of ~-l,4-1inked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, varying in length between three and five sugar units, and a fatty acid chain attached to the amino group of the non-reducing end of the sugar backbone [42]. Dependent on the rhizobial species or biovar, other substituents such as sulfate or O-acetyl groups can be present [42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dependent on the rhizobial species or biovar, other substituents such as sulfate or O-acetyl groups can be present [42]. Nod factors act as determinants of the host-range ofnodulation [ 14,42,44,45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sugar-binding activity of pea (Pisum sativum) lectin is essential for heterologous infection of transgenic white clover hairy roots by Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae

et al. 1995

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Legume lectin stimulates infection of roots in the symbiosis between leguminous plants and bacteria of the genus Rhizobium. Introduction of the Pisum sativum lectin gene (psl) into white clover hairy roots enables heterologous infection and nodulation by the pea symbiont R. leguminosarum biovar viciae (R.l. viciae). Legume lectins contain a specific sugar-binding site. Here, we show that inoculation of white clover hairy roots co-transformed with a psl mutant encoding a non-sugar-binding lectin (PSL N125D) with R.l. viciae yielded only background pseudo-nodule formation, in contrast to the situation after transformation with wild type psl or with a psl mutant encoding sugar-binding PSL (PSL A126V). For every construct tested, nodulation by the homologous symbiont R.l. trifolii was normal. These results strongly suggest that (1) sugar-binding activity of PSL is necessary for infection of white clover hairy roots by R.l. viciae, and (2) the rhizobial ligand of host lectin is a sugar residue rather than a lipid.

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Rhizobial Lipo-Oligosaccharide Signals: Their Biosynthesis and Their Role in the Plant

Cited by 13 publications

References 19 publications

Rhizobium NodI and NodJ proteins play a role in the efficiency of secretion of lipochitin oligosaccharides

Rhizobium NodI and NodJ proteins play a role in the efficiency of secretion of lipochitin oligosaccharides

Rhizobium Lipooligosaccharides Rescue a Carrot Somatic Embryo Mutant.

Sugar-binding activity of pea (Pisum sativum) lectin is essential for heterologous infection of transgenic white clover hairy roots by Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae

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