“…The principle of scaffolding in learning is to help students achieve learning objectives (Belland, 2017;Browne, Hough, & Schwab, 2009;Malik, 2017;Sinaga & Suhandi, 2015). The scaffolding phase is supported by Vygotsky's social constructivist theory (Malik, 2017;Shabani, Khatib, & Ebadi, 2010). There are four important principles of Vygotsky's constructivist theory; one of them is Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).…”