Reviewing the state of knowledge on the societal safety and societal security concepts—an initial modeling effort

Preparedness: Unpacking and clarifying the concept

“…Sometimes labelled 'paradigms' (McEntire, Fuller, Johnston, & Weber, 2002), a host of suggested names are competing for dominance within the inner and outer research community concerned with these phenomena. The proposed titles of the trade include 'disaster studies' (Lindell, 2013); 'disasterology' (Alexander, 1997(Alexander, , 2000; 'emergency management' (Jensen, 2010;McEntire, 2004); crisis management (Boin, 't Hart, Stern, & Sundelius, 2005;Rosenthal et al, 2001); 'societal safety' and 'societal security' (Høyland, 2015;Olsen, Kruke, & Hovden, 2007); 'societal resilience' (Helsloot et al, 2012); 'hazards research' (Bolin, 2007); 'civil protection' and 'civil defence' (Alexander, 2002a;Quarantelli, 2000a); 'DRR' (UN, 2015b); 'disaster risk science' (Holloway, 2009); 'disaster risk management' (World Bank, 2014); and 'sustainable hazards mitigation' (McEntire et al, 2002), just to name a few. Most scholars fail to address how their frameworks align with competing paradigms and concepts by ignoring competing paradigms within their field, which leads to ambiguity and directly affects their conceptual subcategories.…”