Review—Recent Progress in Graphene Based Modified Electrodes for Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine

Abstract

Graphene and its derivatives have been widely used for the electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA) neurotransmitter, thanks to its high surface area and excellent conductivity. Modified graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites have shown improved catalytic activity towards DA detection. Various modification approaches have been taken, including heteroatom doping and association with other nanomaterials. This review summarizes and highlights the recent advances in graphene-based electrodes for the electrochemical detection of DA. It also aims to provide an overview of the advantages of using polymer as a linker platform to form graphene-based nanocomposites applied to electrochemical DA sensors.

Developing an electrochemical sensor for thein vivomeasurements of dopamine

“…166,[226][227][228]231,258 Carbon-based materials have shown remarkable biocompatibility with excellent electric properties, which makes them essential for neural interface applications. 166,[226][227][228]259,260 Mainly used carbon-based materials are graphene, 245,261 carbon nanostructures, 252,260 such as CNTs and carbon nanofibres (CNFs), glassy carbon and diamond. Usually, different nanomaterials and nanoparticles are modified and joined together to obtain better electrical, electrochemical and biological properties.…”

Nanomaterials-Based Ion-Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors for Heavy Metal Ions Detection: A Review

“…GR has the characteristics of large specific surface area, high porosity, many active centers, high charge transport rate, good electrical conductivity, high mechanical stability, and good electrocatalytic and photocatalytic activity [ 97 ]. GR is prepared by a low-cost, simple, green and environmentally friendly method, which is easy to functionalize compared to metals [ 98 ]. Various structures of GR, including graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), GR quantum dots, GR nanoplates, GR nanoribbons, and three-dimensional GRs exhibit various properties and extend the application of GR from energy equipment and water treatment technology to sensors, as shown in Figure 6 [ 99 ].…”

Edge and Basal Plane Anisotropy of a Preanodized Pencil Graphite Electrode Surface Revealed Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and Electrocatalytic Dopamine Oxidation as a Molecular Probe

“…50 In the literature, several graphitic material-modified electrodes have been reported for the electrochemical sensing of DA. 3,5,50,51 Indeed, surface-foulingfree DA detection is a challenging research interest. 52 In general, DA involves an electrochemical redox reaction of 1,2dihydroxybenzene with a 1,2-quinone derivative (dopaminequinone) followed by several chemical reactions including Michael addition to form leucodopaminechrome (LDAC), dopaminechrome (DAC), 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI), 5,6indolequinone (IDQ), and its polymerized products (pDA) (Scheme 1A).…”

“…Owing to their availability, high-electrical conductivity, and usability, carbon-based materials are widely referred to as electrode systems for several real-time applications ranging from laboratory to point-of-care real-time systems. , In particular, graphitic material-based electrodes are found to have prevalent applications in electrochemistry and electroanalytical chemistry, − for instance, highly ordered pyrolytic electrodes (HOPGs), − basal plane pyrolytic graphite (BPPG), − edge plane pyrolytic graphite (EPPG), ,− carbon nanotubes of single and multiwalled types, , graphene and graphene oxide − , -based chemically modified electrodes for electrochemical oxidation/reduction of certain biomolecules such as dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (Asc), uric acid (UA), NADH, dissolved oxygen, H 2 O 2 , and some pharmaceutical drugs. Indeed, understanding the intrinsic molecular level surface feature is of cutting-edge research interest.…”

“…Thus, a simple, sensitive, and selective electrochemical detection of DA is of paramount interest . In the literature, several graphitic material-modified electrodes have been reported for the electrochemical sensing of DA. ,,, Indeed, surface-fouling-free DA detection is a challenging research interest . In general, DA involves an electrochemical redox reaction of 1,2-dihydroxybenzene with a 1,2-quinone derivative (dopamine-quinone) followed by several chemical reactions including Michael addition to form leucodopaminechrome (LDAC), dopaminechrome (DAC), 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI), 5,6-indolequinone (IDQ), and its polymerized products (pDA) (Scheme A). − Because of the dielectric property of pDA, there has been severe surface fouling, especially on the basal plane-graphitic material-modified electrodes.…”