Nanomaterials-Based Ion-Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors for Heavy Metal Ions Detection: A Review

Abstract

Heavy metal ions (HMIs) pose a serious threat to the environment and human body because they are toxic and non-biodegradable and widely exist in environmental ecosystems. It is necessary to develop a rapid, sensitive and convenient method for HMIs detection to provide a strong guarantee for ecology and human health. Ion-imprinted electrochemical sensors (IIECSs) based on nanomaterials have been regarded as an excellent technology because of the good selectivity, the advantages of fast detection speed, low cost, and portability. Electrode surfaces modified with nanomaterials can obtain excellent nano-effects, such as size effect, macroscopic quantum tunneling effect and surface effect, which greatly improve its surface area and conductivity, so as to improve the detection sensitivity and reduce the detection limit of the sensor. Hence, the present review focused on the fundamentals and the synthetic strategies of ion-imprinted polymers (IIPs) and IIECSs for HMIs detection, as well as the applications of various nanomaterials as modifiers and sensitizers in the construction of HMIIECSs and the influence on the sensing performance of the fabricated sensors. Finally, the potential challenges and outlook on the future development of the HMIIECSs technology were also highlighted. By means of the points presented in this review, we hope to provide some help in further developing the preparation methods of high-performance HMIIECSs and expanding their potential applications.

High Selectivity and Sensitivity in Chemiresistive Sensing of Co(II) Ions with Liquid‐Phase Exfoliated Functionalized MoS2: A Supramolecular Approach

“…The precipitate was filtered, washed with cold diethyl ether, and dried in vacuum for 48 h. Yield: 390.8 mg, 1,47 mmol, 71,7%. The solid was determined to be 2,2″:6″,2″-terpyridine-4″(1″H)-thione with >97% purity as seen by 1 [Zn(TpySH)2](OTf )2 Complex Synthesis: This procedure was adapted from previously reported methods. [50,51] 5-10 mg of 2,2″:6″,2″″-terpyridine-4′-thiol was dissolved in chloroform to yield 40 mm concentration.…”

“…The relentless escalation of industrial and agricultural activities due to population growth for decades has resulted in a dramatic increase in pollutants released into the environment worldwide. [ 1 ] These contaminants, which are chemically very diverse and range from micropollutants [ 2 ] and distillates [ 3 ] to heavy metals [ 4 ] and endocrine disruptors, [ 5 ] represent one of the biggest threat for the world's population. Therefore, the development of new robust chemical sensors allowing the monitoring of the water composition in an efficient and rapid manner is highly sought after.…”

Electrochemical System for Field Control of Hg2+ Concentration in Wastewater Samples

“…An alternative to traditional analytical methods for the detection of mercury ions is represented by electroanalytical methods based on chemically modified electrodes with suitable characteristics, such as low cost, simplicity of use, high selectivity, and sensitivity, were developed. Moreover, they can be included in portable devices, allowing in situ monitoring of analyzed samples [ 9 ]. An inconvenience of the electroanalytical technique is the use of unmodified electrochemical sensors because they have low selectivity, high overpotential, low sensitivity, and lack of reliability [ 10 ].…”

Fabrication of magnetic α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 heterostructure nanorods via the urea hydrolysis-calcination process and their biocompatibility with LO2 and HepG2 cells

“…Nanomaterials are defined as at least one dimension in the three-dimensional space within the range of 1-100 nm and have been extensively researched due to their excellent properties such as quantum size effect, small size effect, surface effect, and macroscopic quantum tunneling effect [1][2][3]. As a special kind of nanomaterials, magnetic nanomaterials have been widely studied by scientists because they not only have the properties of nanomaterials but also have excellent magnetic properties, which have been widely applied in many fields, such as environment [4][5][6][7], biomedicine [8][9][10], and ceramics [11], especially in the biomedical field, such as tumor therapy [12,13], magnetothermal therapy [14], sensor [15], magnetic resonance imaging [16], drug delivery [17], etc.…”