Review on Outbreak Dynamics, the Endemic Serotypes, and Diversified Topotypic Profiles of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Isolates in Ethiopia from 2008 to 2018

Abstract

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) endemicity in Ethiopia’s livestock remains an ongoing cause for economic concern, with new topotypes still arising even in previously unaffected areas. FMD outbreaks occur every year almost throughout the country. Understanding the outbreak dynamics, endemic serotypes, and lineage profiles of FMD in this country is very critical in designing control and prevention programs. For this, detailed information on outbreak dynamics in Ethiopia needs to be understood clearly. In this article, therefore, we review the spatial and temporal patterns and dynamics of FMD outbreaks from 2008 to 2018. The circulating serotypes and the topotypic profiles of the virus are also discussed. FMD outbreak data were obtained from; reports of MoARD (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development)/MoLF (Ministry of livestock and Fishery, NVI (National Veterinary Institute), and NAHDIC (National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center); published articles; MSc works; PhD theses; and documents from international organizations. To effectively control and prevent FMD outbreaks, animal health agencies should focus on building surveillance systems that can quickly identify and control ongoing outbreaks and implement efficient preventive measures.

Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle in West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia

“…Similarly, higher FMD seroprevalence in crossbred than local cattle was reported by Sulayeman et al [22] in Ethiopia. e relative higher seroprevalence in crossbred cattle might be attributed to the genetic variation among the breed of animals [1,9,39].…”

“…FMD currently is widely prevalent and distributed in all areas of Ethiopia, although the level of the disease prevalence may show significant variations across the different farming systems and agroecological zones of the country [8,9]. Previously, the disease used to frequently occur in the pastoral herds of the marginal low-land areas of the country.…”

“…Previously, the disease used to frequently occur in the pastoral herds of the marginal low-land areas of the country. However, this trend has changed, and the disease is frequently noted in the central/highland parts of the country [8,9]. e seroprevalence investigations undertaken so far in the different parts of the country reported the prevalence that ranges from 5.6% to 53.6% in cattle [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22].…”

Field serological investigation for peste des petits ruminants, foot-and-mouth disease, and bluetongue diseases in illegally introduced animals in Egypt

“…FMD is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and South America. Whereas serotypes O and A are widely distributed, the SAT viruses are found mainly in Africa with periodic incursions into the Middle East and Asia, with one SAT virus currently only found in Asia [ 15 ].…”

Special Issue “Emerging Viruses: Surveillance, Prevention, Evolution, and Control”

“…Martins et al [36] discuss the existence of antivirals against the chikungunya virus in nature. Wubshet et al [37] review data on the foot and mouth disease virus in Ethiopia from 2008 to 2018. Judson et al [38] examine nosocomial transmission of emerging viruses via aerosol-generating medical procedures.…”