Review on Innovative Catalytic Reforming of Natural Gas to Syngas

Ghoneim, Salwa A.; El‐Salamony, Radwa A.; El‐Temtamy, Seham A.

doi:10.4236/wjet.2016.41011

Cited by 99 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…The simulation of methane steam reforming ( Fig 4) used a Gibbs reactor to carry out reaction calculations based on minimizing the Gibbs energy for the system without the need for detailed stoichiometry or yield. Other reforming processes (Table 3) were simulated similarly on Aspen Plus® following operating conditions from the literature [40]. Auto-thermal reforming (ATR) of methane steam, dry and tri-reforming are coupled with a partial oxidation reaction (exothermic); the heat supplied by partial oxidation was completely used by the subsequent endothermic reforming reactions [40], so no input power is required in the simulations.…”

Section: Fuel Oil Power Station (Ops)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other reforming processes (Table 3) were simulated similarly on Aspen Plus® following operating conditions from the literature [40]. Auto-thermal reforming (ATR) of methane steam, dry and tri-reforming are coupled with a partial oxidation reaction (exothermic); the heat supplied by partial oxidation was completely used by the subsequent endothermic reforming reactions [40], so no input power is required in the simulations. The output or input materials in equation 5 varied depending on the specific requirements of the subsequent process in the production chain.…”

Section: Fuel Oil Power Station (Ops)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The overall efficiencies for routes undergoing FT synthesis varied from <10% to >20%. This variation was due to the fact that different reforming processes result in different H 2 /CO ratios, some of which were more suited to FT synthesis than others; the most suitable H 2 /CO ratios are between 1 and 2.1 [40,42]. The low efficiency for routes E4.6 and E4.12 was due to the methane steam reforming (ATR) reaction's high H 2 /CO ratio of 5.…”

Section: Electricity Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What is the most energy efficient route for biogas utilization: Heat, electricity or transport?

et al. 2017

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IntroductionThe target set by the EU Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC) [1] requires a 20% energy share from renewable sources by 2020. Thus, exploring alternative, environmentally benign and energy efficient systems has become the focus of governmental policies and industrial as well as academic research.Biogas is a renewable energy source that can be produced from the anaerobic digestion (AD) of biomass, such as sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, agricultural wastes, and energy crops. Biogas consists of around 50-60% methane (CH4), 40-50% carbon dioxide (CO2) and some minor constituents, such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and water. The use of biogas for energy production could displace fossil fuels, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and decrease dependence on imported energy [2].Upgraded biogas, termed bio-methane, is typically composed of ~97% CH 4 and ~3% CO 2 , and is converted to the same standard as natural gas through removal of CO 2 (upgrading) and other impurities (cleaning).Another route for upgrading biogas to bio-methane involves the chemical transformation of CO 2 to CH 4 by 2 the Sabatier reaction (equation 1); the hydrogen (H 2 ) in the reaction is usually obtained from water (H 2 O) electrolysis (equation 2). This combined pathway could have an important impact on the global carbon cycle [3]. There are various utilization pathways for both raw and upgraded forms of biogas [4]; commercial methods include electricity and heat generation via combined heat and power (CHP) units, electricity generation via fuel cells, and conversion to mechanical energy for transport via internal combustion engines (ICEs). Bio-methane can be injected into the gas grid, and/or converted to compressed renewable natural gas or liquefied renewable natural gas (referred to in this paper as CNG and LNG respectively) to serve as a transport fuel. Biogas can also be reformed to syngas (CO and H2) for liquid fuel production via Fischer Tropsch (FT) synthesis (see [5] for further details).As with any new energy system, countries are faced with ongoing challenges when designing the most optimum pathway to ensure sustainable development and sufficient energy supply [6]. In practice, many European countries have successfully integrated biogas into their energy sectors via different utilization routes. The annual energy production from biogas is around 42 TWh in Germany (the highest production in the EU), 9 TWh in UK, and 2.8 TWh in France; in each of these countries the biogas is mainly used for electricity generation [7]. Sweden produces around 1.7 TWh from biogas and 44% of biogas production is upgraded to bio-methane and used as vehicle fuel [8]. In Italy, biogas is mainly used for power generation while other pathways such as grid injection and CHP require further exploration [9]. However, although there are various options for biogas utilization, there is limited guidance in the literature on the selection of the optimum route. A number of papers focus specifically on biogas utilization as a vehicle fuel [9, 10] while oth...

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Section: Fuel Oil Power Station (Ops)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fuel Oil Power Station (Ops)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electricity Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What is the most energy efficient route for biogas utilization: Heat, electricity or transport?

et al. 2017

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“…This proof copy is the copyright property of the publisher and is confidential until formal publication. o0030 (5) Combined reforming of methane (CMR) o0035 (6) Reforming with membrane o0040 (7) Tri-reforming of methane (TMR) [31] p0095…”

Section: P0025mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinel Mixed Oxides for Chemical-Loop Reforming: From Solid State to Potential Application

Vozniuk

Tanchoux

Millet

et al. 2019

Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis

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“…To date, a significant amount of work has been conducted to convert methane into useful chemicals, for instance, syngas, methanol, light olefins, aromatic compounds, etc. Syngas is made of H2 and CO, which plays an important role in chemical industry because it is the feedstock for the manufacture of a wide range of chemicals, such as ammonia, acetic acid, MTBE, methanol, olefins, gasoline, phosgene, oxo-alcohols and synthetic liquid fuels 3 . Although it can be generated using raw materials such as coal, biomass, petroleum coke and natural gas, its production using natural gas as the feedstock is the most cost-effective option 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Conversion of Methane at Low Temperatures: A Critical Review

Chen

Luo

et al. 2019

Energy Tech

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The current study reviews the recent development in the direct conversion of methane into syngas, methanol, light olefins, and aromatic compounds. For syngas production, nickelbased catalysts are considered as a good choice. Methane conversion (84%) is achieved with nearly no coke formation when the 7% Ni-1%Au/Al2O3 catalyst is used in the steam reforming of methane (SRM), whereas for dry reforming of methane (DRM), a methane conversion of 17.9% and CO2 conversion of 23.1% are found for 10%Ni/ZrOxMnOx/SiO2 operated at 500 o C. The progress of direct conversion of methane to methanol is also summarized with an insight into its selectivity and/or conversion, which shows that in liquid-phase heterogeneous systems, high selectivity (>80%) can be achieved at 50 o C, but the conversion is low. The latest development of nonoxidative coupling of methane (NOCM) and oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) for the production of olefins is also reviewed. The Mn2O3-TiO2-Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst is reported to show the high C2 yield (22%) and a high selectivity toward C2 (62%) during the OCM at 650 o C. For NOCM, 98% selectivity of ethane can be achieved when a tantalum hydride catalyst supported on silica is used. In addition, the Mo-based catalysts are the most suitable for the preparation of aromatic compounds from methane.

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Review on Innovative Catalytic Reforming of Natural Gas to Syngas

Cited by 99 publications

References 105 publications

What is the most energy efficient route for biogas utilization: Heat, electricity or transport?

What is the most energy efficient route for biogas utilization: Heat, electricity or transport?

Spinel Mixed Oxides for Chemical-Loop Reforming: From Solid State to Potential Application

Catalytic Conversion of Methane at Low Temperatures: A Critical Review

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