Review on carbonation curing of cement-based materials

Zhang, Duo; Ghouleh, Zaid; Shao, Yang

doi:10.1016/j.jcou.2017.07.003

Cited by 430 publications

(119 citation statements)

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“…Other phenomena that can be developed is the internal crystallization due to the migration of soluble CO 2 from the environment into the matrix. The reaction of CO 2 with CH starts instantly and leads to formation of calcium carbonate (Cizer et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2017). Further, other calcium phases are susceptible to carbonation (Garcia-González et al, 2006;Gallucci and Scrivener, 2007).…”

Section: Efflorescence In Pc Concretementioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, internal carbonation also induces a neutralizing effect to the highly alkaline environment provided by PC hydration (which in healthy/normal conditions shows a pH above 13 in pore solution), thereby increasing the vulnerability of embedded reinforcing steel to corrosion (Zhang et al, 2017). Internally, the effect is relative to crystallization process.…”

Section: Efflorescence In Pc Concretementioning

confidence: 99%

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Efflorescence of Alkali-Activated Cements (Geopolymers) and the Impacts on Material Structures: A Critical Analysis

et al. 2019

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Even with the rapid development of the alkali-activated cement (AAC) technology in the past few years, some phenomena still needs to be better understood, that may alter the durability of the material. In many industrial uses and laboratory researches the formation of the salts on the surface alkali-activated type cements was observed, which was identified as efflorescence. This occurs due to the presence of an alkali transported in contact with the humidity and CO 2 environment. It may present externally from the formation of salts on the surface and internally with the carbonation of the alkalis in capillary pores. The effects of efflorescence on the material in use, as well as all factors that can influence its formation are not yet fully understood or reported. The search for papers was conducted using the search words efflorescence and geopolymer/alkali-activated, combined in the electronic data base. Due to the limited quantity of papers published related to efflorescence in geopolymers, the review was complemented using papers that discuss this behavior in Portland cement (PC) and based on the main properties that can influence the formation of efflorescence. In this paper, to understand the nature of efflorescence, upon which proper methods of minimizing of this issue can be based, the following aspects are discussed and reexamined: (1) the development of efflorescence's in PC concrete, (2) the role of alkalis in AACs, (3) efflorescence in AACs, and (4) effect from a physical and microstructural point of view of efflorescence's on the ACCs. This paper highlights that the nature of the pore structure and the design parameters (such as alkali concentration, presence of soluble silicates, and water content in the activator) are the two most important factors that control efflorescence rate and changes in mechanical behavior. However, the stability of the alkalis and their relationship with the formed gel, which are determining factors in the formation of efflorescence, remain not completely understood. In the same way, the effect of efflorescence in tensile strength and shrinkage needs to be evaluated.

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Section: Efflorescence In Pc Concretementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Efflorescence In Pc Concretementioning

confidence: 99%

Efflorescence of Alkali-Activated Cements (Geopolymers) and the Impacts on Material Structures: A Critical Analysis

et al. 2019

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“…Mineral carbonization is performed with calcium as the reactive compound to form thermodynamically stable carbonates in sand to improve their strength. Accelerated mineral carbonation has been studied as an effective option for carbon sequestration in cement-based materials, [16][17][18][19] in situ mineralization of geological formation [20][21][22] and ex situ mineralization above ground in reactor or industrial processes using various feedstock such as industrial waste, residuals, and byproducts. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28] The atmospheric capture of CO 2 deals with extremely low CO 2 concentrations at approximately 412 ppm, 29 which is roughly 350 times lower than post-combustion flue gas (4-14 vol.%).…”

Section: Carbonate Ion Source From Direct Air Capturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lab‐scale atmospheric CO₂ absorption for calcium carbonate precipitation in sand

et al. 2019

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The microbial‐induced calcite precipitation (MICP) process for ground improvement uses microorganisms to hydrolyze urea, producing carbonate ions to induce in situ calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation in soil to improve its strength. This paper proposes using the hydroxide‐based absorption of CO2 instead to provide the carbonate ion source. This study utilizes direct air capture (DAC) to absorb atmospheric CO2 using potassium hydroxide (KOH) in a semi‐batch bubble absorption column. Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) was then injected into sand with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 as a calcium source to precipitate CaCO3 and regenerate KOH. Batch and continuous flow precipitation methods produced a poor distribution of CaCO3, with more CaCO3 precipitated on top, resulting in unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of 6.9 to 19.6 kPa. Sand pre‐mixed with Ca(OH)2 gave well distributed CaCO3, precipitated throughout the sample with 7.56 wt% and 6.87 wt% CaCO3 content and UCS of 39.2 and 35.3 kPa before failing for batch and continuous flow precipitation respectively. This differs from MICP strength improvement of 1000 kPa with 5.3 wt% CaCO3 due to poor binding of sand with the precipitated CaCO3 crystals. However, this application provides a stable sequestration source for atmospheric CO2 in soil. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…Different solutions have been adopted to reduce the carbon footprint of the construction industry such as partial replacement of PC with waste materials [ 6 , 7 , 8 ], alternative clinkers [ 9 ], and the use of alkali-activated binders [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Recently, the carbonation curing of PC-based materials has become a focus of attention as a potential means of reducing the atmospheric CO 2 concentration [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO2 Uptake and Physicochemical Properties of Carbonation-Cured Ternary Blend Portland Cement–Metakaolin–Limestone Pastes

et al. 2020

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The feasibility of carbonation curing of ternary blend Portland cement–metakaolin–limestone was investigated. Portland cement was substituted by the combination of metakaolin and limestone at levels of 15%, 30%, and 45% by the mass. The ternary blends were cured with four different combinations of ambient and carbonation curing. The mechanical property, CO2 uptake, and mineralogical variations of the ternary blend pastes were investigated by means of compressive strength test, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffractometry. In addition, volume of permeable voids and sorptivity of the ternary blends were also presented to provide a fundamental idea of the pore characteristics of the blends. The test results showed that the increasing amount of metakaolin and limestone enhanced the CO2 uptake, reaching 20.7% for the sample with a 45% cement replacement level at 27 d of carbonation. Meanwhile, the compressive strength of the samples was reduced up to 65% upon excessive incorporation of metakaolin and limestone. The samples with a replacement level of 15% exhibited a comparable strength and volume of permeable voids to those of the sample without substitution, proving that the ternary blend Portland cement–metakaolin–limestone can be a viable option toward the development of eco-friendly binders.

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Review on carbonation curing of cement-based materials

Cited by 430 publications

References 118 publications

Efflorescence of Alkali-Activated Cements (Geopolymers) and the Impacts on Material Structures: A Critical Analysis

Efflorescence of Alkali-Activated Cements (Geopolymers) and the Impacts on Material Structures: A Critical Analysis

Lab‐scale atmospheric CO₂ absorption for calcium carbonate precipitation in sand

CO2 Uptake and Physicochemical Properties of Carbonation-Cured Ternary Blend Portland Cement–Metakaolin–Limestone Pastes

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Review on carbonation curing of cement-based materials

Cited by 430 publications

References 118 publications

Efflorescence of Alkali-Activated Cements (Geopolymers) and the Impacts on Material Structures: A Critical Analysis

Efflorescence of Alkali-Activated Cements (Geopolymers) and the Impacts on Material Structures: A Critical Analysis

Lab‐scale atmospheric CO2 absorption for calcium carbonate precipitation in sand

CO2 Uptake and Physicochemical Properties of Carbonation-Cured Ternary Blend Portland Cement–Metakaolin–Limestone Pastes

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Product

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Lab‐scale atmospheric CO₂ absorption for calcium carbonate precipitation in sand