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Current visualization techniques of complex congenital heart disease (CHD) are unable to provide comprehensive visualization of the anomalous cardiac anatomy as the medical datasets can essentially only be viewed from a flat, two-dimensional (2D) screen. Three-dimensional (3D) printing has therefore been used to replicate patient-specific hearts in 3D views based on medical imaging datasets. This technique has been shown to have a positive impact on the preoperative planning of corrective surgery, patient-doctor communication, and the learning experience of medical students. However, 3D printing is often costly, and this impedes the routine application of this technology in clinical practice. This technical note aims to investigate whether reducing 3D printing costs can have any impact on the clinical value of the 3D-printed heart models. Low-cost and a high-cost 3D-printed models based on a selected case of CHD were generated with materials of differing cost. Quantitative assessment of dimensional accuracy of the cardiac anatomy and pathology was compared between the 3D-printed models and the original cardiac computed tomography (CT) images with excellent correlation (r=0.99). Qualitative evaluation of model usefulness showed no difference between the two models in medical applications.

The past decade has observed rapid growth in the development of cobalt-free perovskite cathodes, which provide enhanced structure and operational stability at the operating temperature of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFC, 600-800°C) compared to its cobalt-containing counterpart. This Review aims to present a comprehensive overview on the status and advances of the existing cobalt-free perovskite cathodes for IT-SOFCs by discussing electrochemical behaviors, thermal expansion properties, stabilities as well as the oxygen ionic and the electronic transport properties of these cobalt-free perovskite cathode compositions, with primary emphasis on the relationship between the electrochemical performances and the materials science-related factors. Among various cobalt-free perovskite cathodes presented in this Review, niobium-doped compositions generally show lower polarization resistances relative to other cathode compositions.[a] Dr. performance and materials science-related factors. The review is divided into four sections. This first section justifies the SOFC technology significance and its context. The second section features the pertaining aspects on the development of cobaltfree perovskite cathodes according to electrochemical performance, chemical compatibility with electrolytes, thermal expansion mismatch, and overview of the composite perovskite cathodes. The third section provides comparative insights into the performances of single, double, and composite cobalt-free perovskite cathodes focusing into thermal and electrochemical parameters, i. e., thermal expansion coefficient (TEC), total electrical conductivity, polarization resistance and its corresponding activation energy. Synthesis routes, lattice cell parameters, oxygen content, and other available data are also included. The fourth section, in turn, overviews, challenges and outlook for further research and development of cobalt-free perovskite cathodes and concludes the review.

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