Review of the Global Distribution of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from 2007 to 2014

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus affects livestock worldwide. There are seven different serotypes, each with a diversity of topotypes, genetic lineages and strains. Some lineages have different properties that may contribute to sporadic spread beyond their recognized endemic areas. The objective of this study was to review the most significant FMD epidemiological events that took place worldwide between 2007 and 2014. Severe epidemics were caused by FMD virus (FMDV) lineage O/Asia/Mya-98 in Japan and South Korea in 2010, both previously free of disease. In India, where FMD is endemic, the most important event was the re-emergence of lineage O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 in 2008. Notably, this lineage, normally restricted to India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan, was also found in Saudi Arabia and Libya in 2013 and has caused several outbreaks in Tunisia and Algeria in 2014-2015. In January 2011, FMDV-positive wild boars were found in Bulgaria, where the disease last occurred in 1996, followed by 12 outbreaks in livestock infected with FMDV O/ME-SA/PanAsia2. In 2012, FMDV SAT2 caused outbreaks in Egypt and the Palestinian Autonomous Territories. Another significant event was the emergence of FMDV Asia1 Sindh-08 in the Middle East. In South America, one outbreak of FMDV serotype O, topotype Euro-SA was reported in Paraguay in 2011, which was recognized as FMD-free with vaccination at the time. Lessons learned from past events, point out the need for an integrated strategy that comprises coordinated global and regional efforts for FMDV control and surveillance. Specific local characteristics related to host, environment and virus that condition FMD occurrence should be carefully considered and incorporated to adapt appropriate strategies into local plans. In this review, we compiled relevant epidemiological FMD events to provide a global overview of the current situation. We further discussed current challenges present in different FMD areas.

Molecular and Serological Survey of Selected Viruses in Free-Ranging Wild Ruminants in Iran

“…The FMD virus (FMDV) contains seven different serotypes, O, A, C, Asia 1, Southern African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 [23]. Molecular and serological surveys in livestock have shown that FMDV has been endemic in Iran for more than 60 years [24].…”

Alternatives for the serological assessment of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine immunity in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

“…This strain was selected because the latest regional outbreaks were caused by O strains (Brito et al 2015).…”

“…Buffaloes are located in the north-east of the country within the FMD vaccination territories (Crudeli 2014) and in neighbouring areas close to the border with Paraguay, where the latest regional FMDV-type O outbreak occurred in 2011 Brito et al 2015). The role of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the epidemiology of the disease is well documented (Dawe et al 1994;Weaver et al 2013;Knight-Jones et al 2016), but the behaviour of FMDV in water buffaloes, which are domesticated in several areas of the world, has been less studied.…”

Subcellular localisation of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) capsid subunit VP1 vis-á-vis host protein Hsp90

“…Notable human pathogens include poliovirus (PV), human rhinovirus (HRV), Coxsackievirus A and B (CVA; CVB), enterovirus 71 (EV71) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) (Hagan et al, 2015;Rotbart and Hayden, 2000). Animal pathogens of high economic importance include foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) (Brito et al, 2015;Mansour et al, 2015).…”