Review of Infections With Bovine Herpesvirus 1 in Slovenia

Abstract

In the 1950s, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV) disease was clinically detected and documented in cattle for the first time in Slovenia. The bovine herpes virus 1 (BoHV-1) was confirmed several times from infected herds by virus isolation on cell cultures. To keep the IC virus-free, high biosecurity measures were introduced. Before entering the IC, all calves are serologically tested and quarantined. Bulls in Slovenian insemination centres (IC) have been negative for IBR /IPV infection since 1979. From 1985 to 1991, few large-scale studies of the prevalence of IBR/IPV were carried out. In 1985, a high percentage (56.9%) of serologically positive animals were found in large state farms with Holstein Friesian cattle. Epidemiological studies in farm with bulls' mother herds were also carried out in the farms with Simmental and Brown cows. Antibodies against BoHV-1 were detected in the serum of 2.3% of Brown cattle and 3.5% of Simmental cattle. In the year 2000, 3.4% of bulk tank milk samples from 13,349 dairy farms were detected BoHV-1 antibodies positive. The highest percentage of positive animals was found in regions with an intensive grazing system (6.2% positive) and the lowest percentage in the east part of Slovenia (0.9% positive) on farms with mostly Simmental cattle. In 2006, a total 204,662 sera of cattle older than 24 months were tested for the presence of BoHV-1 antibodies and positive cattle were detected in 3.6% of tested farms. These farms kept 34,537 animals that were potential carriers of the BoHV-1. Most of the positive farms kept Holstein Friesian cattle, descendants from the state-owned farms, which were privatised or closed after 1990. In 2015, the Administration of the Republic of Slovenia for Food Safety, Veterinary and Plant Protection issued a rule that describes the conditions for granting and maintaining the status of BoHV-1 free holdings. The rule provides a voluntary control programme for breeders who want to obtain BoHV-1 free status and are willing to cover all the cost of acquiring and maintaining that status. There has been very little response from breeders.

Bovine Alphaherpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) Infection in Cattle: An Overview of Epidemiology, Role of Envelope Proteins in Disease and Control

“…The incidence and prevalence of IBR are extremely variable under different geographical location and systems of rearing (Nandi et al, 2009). Prevalence of IBR is low in Slovenia 0.1% a due to ongoing eradication programmes (Hostnik et al, 2021) and in Spain region highest 99.92% (Dias et al, 2013). Pooled seroprevalence of IBR in China as per meta-analysis is 40.00% (Chen et al, 2018), prevalence in Colombia is 57.5% (Ortiz et al, 2022), Brazil, 71.30 (Abad et al, 2016 Mexico 76.32% (Posado et al, 2013) and Ethiopia, 25.6 (Tadeg et al, 2021).…”

“…Disease was found to affect exotic and crossbred cattle in India during inception than native breeds. In Slovenia and Colombia HF cow breed (Hostnik et al, 2021) and in Nepal's Jersey breed of cattle have shown higher prevalence than other breeds (Sanjay et al, 2022). One frequent risk factor reported by many authors is herd size, where the disease was more prevalent in intensive rearing or feed lots or organised farms or farms with more than 10 animals compared to free-range Bovine Alphaherpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) Infection in Cattle: An Overview of Epidemiology, Role of Envelope Proteins in Disease and.. animals or the unorganised sector (Rajkhowa et al, 2004).…”

Diagnosis of Ruminant Viral Diseases with Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification

“…It mainly affects cattle, but interspecies transmission is possible to sheep and goats. Main route of transmission is through nose-to-nose contact with nasal secretions, respiratory droplets, and semen of infected animals [ 14 ] BoHV-1 is the causative agent of acute respiratory disease, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and correlated with abortions as well [ 15 ]. Since it is responsible for major losses of livestock, several European countries eradicated the disease while others run eradication campaigns against BoHV-1 and especially gE (glycoprotein E)-deleted marker vaccines are being used for surveillance of the disease [ 16 , 17 ].…”

Some aspects of effective control of Bovine infectious rhinotracheitis in European countries

“…Цьому передувало широкомасштабні серологічні дослідження всього поголів'я на наявність антитіл до збудника у тварин. Зважаючи на те, що програма передбачає всі фінансові затрати по отриманню та підтримки означеного статусу покласти на власників тварин, її ефективність була на дуже низькому рівністаном на 2020 рік на території Словенії є лише одне офіційно благополучне щодо ІРТ господарство [32].…”