Review—Development of Diagnostic Process for Commercially Available Batteries, Especially Lithium Ion Battery, by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Abstract

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) can be utilized to characterize battery features, because it allows the dynamics of each elemental process of the battery reaction to be sensitively and separately determined without destruction of the cell. In addition, EIS is expected to be utilized for premonitory diagnosis of onboard batteries in electric vehicles. Here, an overview of the recent diagnosis technologies for determining the health of commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIB) using EIS is provided. We describe equivalent circuit design techniques while explaining and investigating physical and chemical phenomena for a wide range of measured impedance spectra, which are obtained using commercial LIBs. Attention is then focused on separation of the frequency responses of each electrode with or without a reference electrode, symmetric cell, and temperature control. Additionally, a square-current EIS (SC-EIS) technique, which we have proposed, is introduced for monitoring of large-scale LIB systems as a promising future technique.The importance of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has grown in accordance with its expanding fields of application, and the number of papers in this field has increased accordingly, as shown in Figure 1. Now, EIS is one of the main subjects of electrochemistry reviews 1 and textbooks. 2,3 Prior to the early 1990s, a number of important papers that contributed greatly to the development of this field were published, and the timeline of the refinement of EIS has been well summarized by Orazem and Tribollet. 4 Nernst's approach towards utilizing EIS in dielectrics 4 pioneered notable contributions such as the application of EIS to diffusion by Warburg, 5 which was based on research on the fundamental electrochemical reaction. Further, Dolin and Ershler 6 interpreted the impedance response to the electrochemical reaction as a parameter of an equivalent circuit (EC). Many researchers have since demonstrated a relationship between electrochemical processes and the impedance response, for example, in the Randles EC comprising charge transfer resistance, double-layer capacitance and diffusion, 7 the transmission line model (TLM) for porous electrodes, 8,9 and the constant phase element (CPE), 10-12 for electrodes with distributed surface reactivity, surface inhomogeneity, roughness or fractal geometry, electrode porosity.In addition, as regards lithium-ion battery (LIB) development, important reports have been published regarding the relationship between EIS and materials research. Specifically, EIS allows the dynamics of each elemental process of the battery reaction to be sensitively and separately analyzed without destruction of the cell. The basic LIB design consists of an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte, and a separator. For examples on anodes for lithium batteries, the resistances of the charge transfer and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and the activation energies of the system (carbonaceous materials, 13-17 grown solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), 18 silicon nano...

18650 lityum-iyon ve 6HR61 nikel-metal hidrit tekrar şarj edilebilir pillerinin elektrokimyasal empedans analizi

“…Pillerin empedans cevaplarının daha ayrıntılı bir şekilde anlaşılabilmesi ve analiz edilebilmesi için bir eşdeğer devre modelinin tanımlanması gerekmektedir. Batarya sistemindeki tabakalar ve ara yüzeylerin sayısına ve karmaşıklığına bağlı olarak eşdeğer devrede çok sayıda devre elemanı bulunabilmektedir [33]. Yukarıda sayılan empedans parametreleri bir elektrokimyasal sistemin açıklanabilmesi için eşdeğer elektrik devresi elemanı olarak gösterilebilir.…”

Investigation into State-of-Health Impedance Diagnostic for 26650 4P1S Battery Packs

“…The first ZARC element corresponds to the frequencies from approximately 750 Hz to 30 Hz, and can describe the behavior of the SEI layer. 12,20 As shown in Figure 21, the time constant for ZARC-1 changes significantly between Cycle 0 and Cycle 50, indicating the growth of the SEI layer as the battery is cycled. From Cycles 50-500, the time constant is approximately flat for all four cells.…”

Overcurrent Abuse of Primary Prismatic Zinc–Air Battery Cells Studying Air Supply Effects on Performance and Safety Shut-Down

“…Figure 9 shows impedance measurements of the same cell during its use, at 0, 3.9 and 25.6 Ah discharge. Impedance plots of zinc-air batteries are complex but can often be described by a low-frequency part mainly related to cathode reactions, possibly also including a Warburg diffusion element, a medium-frequency part mainly related to the anode; while the high-frequency region shows an inductive response that can be due to electrode porosity, cell geometry and electrical leads [11,12]. The impedance plots in Figure 9 show similar behavior but data are too limited to make an in-depth analysis in this case.…”