RETRACTED: Improving the Structural, Optical and Photovoltaic Properties of Sb- and Bi- Co-Doped MAPbBr3 Perovskite Solar Cell

Abstract

We prepared 1% Bi- and (0, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) Sb- co-doped MAPbBr3 films by a sol-gel spin coating technique. For the first time, the detailed structural properties including grain size, dislocation line density, d-spacing, lattice parameters, and volume of co-doped MAPbBr3 films have been investigated. XRD confirmed the cubic structure of MAPbBr3 with high crystallinity and co-doping of Bi and Sb. The 1% Bi and 1% Sb co-doping have a surprising effect in MAPbBr3 structures, such as large grain size (59.5 nm), d-space value (6.23 Å), small dislocation line dislocation (2.79 × 1018 m−2), and small lattice parameters (a = b = c = 6.3 Å) and volume of unit cell. The detailed optical properties, including energy band gap (Eg), refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k) and dielectric constant (Ɛ), which are very important for optoelectronics applications, were investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The film of 1% Bi and 1% Sb co-doped MAPbBr3 showed good optical response including small Eg, high n, low value of k, high real and low imaginary parts of dielectric constant, making it good for solar cell applications. Solar cells were fabricated from these films. The cell fabricated with pure MAPbBr3 has Jsc of 8.72 mA cm−2, FF of 0.66, Voc of 1.29 V, and η of 7.5%. All the parameters increased by co-doping of Bi and Sb in MAPbBr3 film. The cell fabricated with 1% Bi and 1% Sb co-doped MAPbBr3 film had high current density (12.12 mA-cm−2), open circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (0.73), and high efficiency (11.6%). This efficiency was 65% larger than a pure MAPbBr3-based solar cell.

Bi and Sn Doping Improved the Structural, Optical and Photovoltaic Properties of MAPbI3-Based Perovskite Solar Cells

“…Bi has a +3 state and Pb has a +2 state. This provides extra electrons to the MAPbI 3 as a result of which J sc is increased and efficiency is increased [ 62 ]. J sc is dependent on the excitation of electrons by the interaction of photons.…”

The Effect of 600 keV Ag Ion Irradiation on the Structural, Optical, and Photovoltaic Properties of MAPbBr3 Films for Perovksite Solar Cell Applications

“…In a very short amount of time, perovskites solar cells (PSCs) have attracted the attention of the photovoltaic industry by providing a solar-to-electric power conversion efficiency (PCE) rate greater than 23%. Currently, it is a potential candidate among commercially available solar cells, and nanomaterials play the main role in their efficiency [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Inorganic–organic hybrid perovskites of metals halides have a general formula: ABX 3 , where the A-site is composed of organic cations that usually consist of MA + (CH 3 NH 3 + ), Cs + , and FA + [(NH 2 ) 2 CH] + ions, etc.…”

Enhancement in the Structural and Optical Properties after Incorporation of Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Nanocomposite in Pristine CsSnBr3 for Solar Cell Application

“…However, the valence band offset is estimated to be ∼0.12 eV and such a low value can help in the formation of depletion in the absorber layer, which enables fast hole transport. Thus, the fill factor is improved significantly as compared to the other reported devices . Along with the high charge separation probability at the Cu 2 O/perovskite interface, the recombination rate is also reduced by depositing a higher-thickness HTL layer; thereby, the current density and efficiency are also enhanced in this device structure.…”

“…Thus, the fill factor is improved significantly as compared to the other reported devices. 45 Along with the high charge separation probability at the Cu 2 O/perovskite interface, the recombination rate is also reduced by depositing a higherthickness HTL layer; thereby, the current density and efficiency are also enhanced in this device structure. The rGO impacts the photoelectron conversion process of the fabricated device structures, as shown in Figure 11.…”