RETRACTED CHAPTER: Changing Paradigm of Probiotics from Functional Foods to Biotherapeutic Agents

White biotechnology and the production of bio-products

“…According to the World Health Organization, probiotics are living microorganisms that, if adequately prescribed, have health-boosting sources [95]. The importance of probiotics is to maintain the intestinal environment and reduce infectious diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, and so on [96]. The Canadian Ministry of Health has accepted the bacterial strains of Bifidobacterium (adolescentis, animalis, bifidum, breve and longum) and Lactobacillus (acidophilus, casei, fermentum, gasseri, johnsonii, paracasei, plantarum, rhamnosus and salivarius), regardless of the bacterial species, given their general benefits to gut health as a probiotic [97].…”

“…Extensive features of most probiotic species include colonial resistance, production of fatty acids and short fats, deprivation of pathogens, regulation of microbial dysfunction in the large intestine, and maintenance of intestinal integrity [96].…”

“…Insulin is the first biotherapeutic to be produced and marketed worldwide. So far, many medications have been developed and used to treat cancer, heart disease, anemia and rheumatism [96].…”

“…Biotherapy, unlike conventional chemical drugs, is complex, and it is sensitive to changes in production parameters [98]. Probiotics can be used in intestinal diseases to achieve health [96]. Recent studies have shown that the intestinal microflora is associated with the onset and spread of gastrointestinal cancer [99], although gastrointestinal cancer is associated with a variety of factors, including genetics, diet, epigenetics, environment, etc.…”