Essential oils (EOs) and plant extracts are sources of beneficial chemical compounds that have potential applications in medicine, food, cosmetics, and the agriculture industry. Plant medicines were the only option for preventing and treating mankind’s diseases for centuries. Therefore, plant products are fundamental sources for producing natural drugs. The extraction of the EOs is the first important step in preparing these compounds. Modern extraction methods are effective in the efficient development of these compounds. Moreover, the compounds extracted from plants have natural antimicrobial activity against many spoilage and disease-causing bacteria. Also, the use of plant compounds in cosmetics and hygiene products, in addition to their high marketability, has been helpful for many beauty problems. On the other hand, the agricultural industry has recently shifted more from conventional production systems to authenticated organic production systems, as consumers prefer products without any pesticide and herbicide residues, and certified organic products command higher prices. EOs and plant extracts can be utilized as ingredients in plant antipathogens, biopesticides, and bioherbicides for the agricultural sector. Considering the need and the importance of using EOs and plant extracts in pharmaceutical and other industries, this review paper outlines the different aspects of the applications of these compounds in various sectors.

Soil microorganisms perform a variety of functions, some of which are extremely helpful to the maintenance of ecological sustainability. Bacteria thriving in the plant rhizosphere drive plant development through a variety of ways, which are referred to as PGPR (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria). Despite the fact that there are many different types of PGPR, their significance and applications in sustainable agriculture are still debated and limited. The performance of PGPR varies, which might be related to a variety of environmental conditions that impact their development and proliferation in plants. PGPR is a nonpathogenic, friendly bacterium that stimulates plant development by altering hormone concentrations and nutritional needs, as well as mitigating stress-related damage. PGPR colonizes root hairs and lateral roots in plants, where they may exhibit their beneficial characteristics. Rhizobacteria that promote plant development have the ability to control root system architecture (RSA), as well as the vegetative growth and physiology of the entire plant. The generation of hormones like Indole acetic acid (IAA) by PGPR has long been linked to RSA effects. This book chapter reviews to show PGPR affects on the growth, physiological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics of plant roots.

White biotechnology uses enzymes and microorganisms to produce value-added chemicals from renewable sources. White biotechnology provides valuable components for the food, pharmaceutical, agricultural sectors as well as other industries. Metabolic diversity in fungi, yeast, and bacteria can be exploited to produce food additives and other industrial products. This is an interesting topic for those interested in screening and metabolic testing of microorganisms, industrial biotechnology, fermentation technology, and the biological products research community. The use of microbial-derived compounds has a long history in the food industry, and compounds such as flavorings, essential amino acids, poly-unsaturated fatty acids, organic acids, gelling, etc. can be obtained from microbial sources. Also, the role of microbes in human health and wellbeing cannot be ignored. Microbes produce primary metabolites such as vitamins, nucleotides, and amino acids, as well as secondary metabolites. These secondary metabolites are used to make many drugs. In agriculture, microbes are also used to make fertilizers and biological pesticides. This paper reviews the types of bio-products obtained through biotechnology and the barriers and challenges of white biotechnology.

Background and objectives: Today, due to the increasing antibiotic resistance of bacteria, the use of medicinal plants as a suitable alternative to antibiotics has increased significantly; therefore, in this study, the antibacterial effects of methanolic extracts of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were evaluated. Methods: In this laboratory research, after collecting plants and confirming its scientific name, extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Root was prepared by Soxhlet extractor method at concentrations of 20 mg / ml to 400 mg / ml. Then the antimicrobial effects of this extract were investigated using Agar well diffusion and Dilution test methods. Results: The results showed that the methanolic extracts of G.glabra L. in both Agar well diffusion and Dilution test methods had antibacterial effects on the tested bacteria. The highest effect was observed on S.aureus and the lowest effect was observed in P.aeruginosa. Conclusion: According to the above results, it can be expected that the G.glabra L. extract can be used to treat bacterial infections and is a suitable alternative to commonly used chemical treatments for the treatment of infections.

Algae are a large and diverse group of autotrophic organisms that are multicellular and single-celled and found in a variety of environments. Biofuel production and value-added chemicals produced through a sustainable process are represented by the biorefinery of algae. Algae are important because of the production of polysaccharides, lipids, pigments, proteins, and other compounds for pharmaceutical and nutritional applications. They can also be used as raw materials for biofuel production. Moreover, they are useful for wastewater treatment. All these factors have absorbed the attentions of researchers around the world. This review focuses specifically on the potentials, properties, and applications of algae as a sustainable renewable resource, which can be a good alternative to other sources due to their high biomass production, less land required for cultivation, and the production of valuable metabolites.

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Wheat genotypes should be improved through available germplasm genetic diversity to ensure food security. This study investigated the molecular diversity and population structure of a set of Türkiye bread wheat genotypes using 120 microsatellite markers. Based on the results, 651 polymorphic alleles were evaluated to determine genetic diversity and population structure. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 19, with an average of 5.44 alleles per locus. Polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.031 to 0.915 with a mean of 0.43. In addition, the gene diversity index ranged from 0.03 to 0.92 with an average of 0.46. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 0.359 with a mean of 0.124. The unbiased expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 0.319 with an average of 0.112. The mean values of the number of effective alleles (Ne), genetic diversity of Nei (H) and Shannon’s information index (I) were estimated at 1.190, 1.049 and 0.168, respectively. The highest genetic diversity (GD) was estimated between genotypes G1 and G27. In the UPGMA dendrogram, the 63 genotypes were grouped into three clusters. The three main coordinates were able to explain 12.64, 6.38 and 4.90% of genetic diversity, respectively. AMOVA revealed diversity within populations at 78% and between populations at 22%. The current populations were found to be highly structured. Model-based cluster analyses classified the 63 genotypes studied into three subpopulations. The values of F-statistic (Fst) for the identified subpopulations were 0.253, 0.330 and 0.244, respectively. In addition, the expected values of heterozygosity (He) for these sub-populations were recorded as 0.45, 0.46 and 0.44, respectively. Therefore, SSR markers can be useful not only in genetic diversity and association analysis of wheat but also in its germplasm for various agronomic traits or mechanisms of tolerance to environmental stresses.