RETRACTED ARTICLE: Impact of structural embeddedness on the performance of tourism supply chain integration: a social network perspective

Port Business Development: Digitalisation of Port Authority and Hybrid Governance Model

“…To contribute to port competitiveness from the port network perspective, this paper investigates the port actor's relationship with other port actors along with the port authority, and the extent to which they are interconnected and how they interact with each other. These kinds of interaction are conceptualised as structural embeddedness Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998) where a denser network density provides an environment for information availability in the supply chain (Gnyawali and Madhavan, 2001;Long and Chen, 2021). One main form of interaction which can be analysed is the daily core operation which gives ports authorities their strategic advantage Notteboom and Winkelmans, 2001;; .…”

“…In general terms, scholars conceptualise structural embeddedness in a similar way to rational embeddedness (Gulati, 1998;Rowley et al, 2000). Some scholars argue that structural embeddedness is more reliable than rational embeddedness because its attributes better describe the strength of the relationship ties than rational embeddedness Gulati, 1998;Long and Chen, 2021;Rowley et al, 2000) However, the literature remains elusive in providing a 'defined' definition of structural embeddedness (Field 1997), with the majority of the research focusing on conceptualising structural embeddedness rather than defining it. Structural embeddedness can be used to understand the strength or weakness of an organisation's information position in its network (Rowley et al, 2000).…”

“…Previous research has adopted indicators in order to conceptualise structural embeddedness. The focus has been more on 'configuration driven indicators' which illustrate the architecture of the network and highlight different levels (firm level, pair level and network level) of connectivity of the network Ghosh et al, 2016;Gnyawali and Madhavan, 2001;Long and Chen, 2021;Moran, 2005)). The result has been the greater understanding of a more in-depth, information dense network.…”

“…The result has been the greater understanding of a more in-depth, information dense network. Conversely, other researchers (Gulati and Gargiulo, 1999;Iurkov and Benito, 2017;Rowley et al, 2000)have described position-driven indicators that isolate their study only to positional attributes of structural embeddedness (Long and Chen, 2021).…”

“…The concept of structural equivalence states that two actors are exactly structurally equivalent when they have similar relationship ties with another individual. Some actors have a higher degree of similarity when they are placed in approximately the same position in the structure (Burt, 2000;Gnyawali and Madhavan, 2001;Long and Chen, 2021;Lorrain and White, 1971;Rowley et al, 2000)). This means they face the same sort of limitations, advantages, and opportunities.…”