Retinal vessel oxygen saturation and vessel diameter in healthy individuals during high‐altitude exposure

Yang, Yi; Yang, Diya; Sun, Yang; Xie, Yandong; Zhang, Zheng; Li, Shuning; Wu, Shizheng; Wang, Ning Li

doi:10.1111/aos.13897

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…PaO 2 <5.3 kPa is judged as severe hypoxemia (1). Literature reports have shown that the hypoxic conditions of plateau environment can damage retinal blood vessels in the human body (12), and also increase the risk of metabolic diseases (13). Therefore, the determination of PaO 2 in plateau-dwelling populations is of great significance for screening disease and guiding prognosis and treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood gas analysis of healthy people in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province

Li¹,

Zhang²,

Zhang

2021

Ann Palliat Med

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Background: To investigate the reference value of blood gas analysis and related factors in healthy adults in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province. Methods: From August 24, 2018 to August 11, 2020, healthy people between the ages of 18 and 70 years were observed at the Physical Examination Center of People's Hospital of Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan province. Participant information and clinical characteristics were collected. Blood gas analyzer was used to measure PH value, arterial partial oxygen pressure (PaO 2 ), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO 2 ), acidity (pH), actual bicarbonate (AB) and residual base (BE). The participants' basic and blood gas indicator data were analyzed, and the blood gas reference values and related factors were analyzed using chi-squared tests, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon Test, and Spearman's correlation analysis. Results: A total of 1,218 eligible health examination participants were included. They had an average age of 40 [31-47] years, and males accounted for 51.0%. In terms of blood gas reference values, the average pH value was moderate, and the values of PaO 2 , SaO 2 , PaCO 2 , AB, and BE were low. PaO 2 was basically matched with the estimated value of the domestic model formula. These indexes were found to be correlated with social demographic characteristics such as sex, age, and smoking history. Conclusions: The correlations between the indexes and social demographic characteristics may be helpful in the prediction of blood gas analysis results in clinical practice. For men, middle-aged and elderly people, or adults with a history of active smoking/biofuel exposure, blood gas PaO 2 and PaCO 2 should be monitored to facilitate the early intervention of respiratory failure. The PaO 2 data basically matched the estimated values of the domestic model formula, suggesting that other regions in the Prefecture could use comprehensive epidemiological data and model methods to guide clinical work.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood gas analysis of healthy people in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province

Li¹,

Zhang²,

Zhang

2021

Ann Palliat Med

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“…Notably, exposure to naturally high altitude environments has been also shown effects on eyes. The long-term exposure causes a number of eye disorders, such as pterygium (Lu et al, 2010), dry eye (Gupta et al, 2008), and lens opacity (Brilliant et al, 1983), whereas the short-term exposure often causes changes in visual function (Willmann et al, 2010; Gibson and Mckenna, 2011), refractive error (Mader et al, 1996), cornea thickness (Morris et al, 2007), retina vessels (Liu et al, 2013; Yang et al, 2019), optic nerve (Bosch et al, 2008; Schatz et al, 2018), as well as IOP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraocular Pressure Changes of Healthy Lowlanders at Different Altitude Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2019

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Background: High altitude, characterized by hypobaric hypoxia, low temperature, and intensive ultraviolet radiation, is identifiably one of the examples of scientific enquiry into aviation and space analogs. However, little is known about the ocular physiological response, especially intraocular pressure (IOP) changes at high altitude.Objectives: This study aimed to systematically review of high altitude exposure on IOP for healthy lowlanders with unoperated eyes.Methods: A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted in the electronic databases until September 1st, 2019. A meta-analysis was performed following the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis statement (PRISMA). We systematically searched the studies conducted over 2,000 m above sea level (a.s.l) in healthy lowlanders with measurements of IOP. Meta-analyses (random effect model and heterogeneity tests), subgroup analyses (altitude, duration, type, and pattern of exposure), sensitivity analysis, funnel plot, Begger's and Egger's test for publication bias were performed. Quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. The meta-analysis was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42019136865).Results: Of 9595 publications searched, 20 publications (n = 745) qualified for inclusion, with non-significant decrease in overall IOP [standardized mean difference (SMD): 0.14, 95% CI: −0.12–0.40; p = 0.30] with high heterogeneity (p < 0.001, I2 = 82%). However, subgroup analyses revealed significant decrease of IOP at high altitude of 3,000–5,500 m a.s.l (SMD: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.07–1.06; p = 0.03) whereas increase of IOP at extreme altitude of over 5,500 m a.s.l (SMD: −0.34, 95% CI: −0.61–0.06; p = 0.02). And the duration of exposure more than 72 hours (h) was likely to induce a decrease of IOP bordering on statistical significance at the 5% level (SMD: 1.29, 95% CI: 0.02–2.56; p = 0.05). Simultaneously, we also observed significant decrease of IOP for active exposure (e.g., physical activity and hiking, SMD: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.05–1.57; p = 0.04).Conclusion: Our analysis shows exposure to the altitude over 3,500 m a.s.l, duration of exposure more than 72 h and active exposure pattern may have modest, but significant effects on IOP. The higher altitude, the duration of exposure as well as physical activity seem to play crucial roles in the effects of high-altitude exposure on IOP.

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“…The retina is a tissue with extraordinarily high oxygen demand. Retinal and choroidal blood flow appears to increase in hypoxic conditions because the retinal circulation has a sensitive autoregulatory ability to respond to metabolic demand (Yang et al 2018), which may explain the increase in the SaO 2 . Blood oxygenation level‐dependent MRI is the only known noninvasive method currently available to evaluate the relative oxygenation status of the kidney (Pruijm et al 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal oxygen saturation and vessel diameter in patients with chronic kidney disease

Liu

Jian

Zhao

et al. 2020

Acta Ophthalmologica

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To investigate changes in retinal oximetry and the diameter of retinal vasculature in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and relationships between retinal vasculature and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), provide a scientific basis for the early detection and diagnosis of CKD. Methods: Eighty-three patients with CKD and 103 healthy individuals were included after providing informed consent. All participants were examined using a noninvasive technology (Oxymap Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland) for measuring the arterial (SaO 2 ) and venous (SvO 2 ) oxygen saturation and the arteriovenous difference in oxygen saturation (Sa-vO 2 ). The corresponding retinal vessel diameters of these arterioles (D-A) and venules (D-V) were measured. The eGFR of patients with CKD was calculated from the serum creatinine concentration. Results: In general, patients with CKD had higher mean SaO 2 values than healthy individuals (100.15 AE 4.68% versus 97.14 AE 4.22%; p < 0.001, mean AE SD). The mean SaO 2 in the superior temporal, superior nasal and inferior nasal quadrants significantly increased. There was no significant difference measured in the SvO 2 when patients with CKD (63.66 AE 5.29%) and healthy individuals (62.70 AE 5.27%) were compared. The mean Sa-vO 2 of the CKD group (36.49 AE 4.98%) was increased compared with normal subjects (34.44 AE 4.76%) (p = 0.005). The retinal arteriole diameter was narrower in patients with CKD than in normal individuals (117.53 AE 14.88 lm versus 126.87 AE 14.98 lm; p < 0.001, mean AE SD), and the arteriovenous ratio was smaller than in normal individuals (0.71 AE 0.09 versus 0.77 AE 0.09; p < 0.001, mean AE SD). Pearson's two-tailed correlation showed a significant correlation between the SaO 2 and eGFR (R = À0.363, p = 0.001), and narrower retinal arterial calibre was significantly associated with a lower eGFR (R = 0.415, p < 0.001). Conclusion:Based on our results, there were alterations in retinal oxygen saturation and vascular diameter in patients with CKD. Further studies are needed to determine whether such changes play a role in the development of CKD.

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Retinal vessel oxygen saturation and vessel diameter in healthy individuals during high‐altitude exposure

Cited by 15 publications

References 44 publications

Blood gas analysis of healthy people in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province

Blood gas analysis of healthy people in Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province

Intraocular Pressure Changes of Healthy Lowlanders at Different Altitude Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Retinal oxygen saturation and vessel diameter in patients with chronic kidney disease

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