Retinal oxygen saturation and vessel diameter in patients with chronic kidney disease

Liu, Ruibao; Jian, Wenyuan; Zhao, Ying; Lu, Xuejing; Wu, Yanxia; Duan, Junguo

doi:10.1111/aos.14398

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Interestingly, pregnancy has also been associated with alterations in retinal vessel diameters and oxygen saturation (Sharifizad et al 2021). Chronic kidney disease, optic neuritis associated with multiple sclerosis, and coronary artery bypass surgery have all recently been associated with alterations in retinal oxygenation saturation as well (Dinesen et al 2020; Svrcinova et al 2020; Liu et al 2021). Systemic issues may thus be related through certain generalized mechanisms with microcirculation in the eye and be an important clinical consideration for understanding the retinal oxygen environment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical implications of retinal oximetry in retinal vein occlusion: a review

Belamkar

Jabbehdari

Harris

et al. 2021

Acta Ophthalmologica

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To review retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and its relationship with retinal oxygen saturation via automated retinal oximetry in eyes with RVO. Methods.A literature review was performed in PubMed and Medline until October 2021 utilizing specific keywords and cross-matched reference lists. Results.This review found RVO to be associated with risk factors including age, hypertension, cardiovascular and metabolic conditions, male gender, and glaucoma. These may be attributed to a breakdown of regulatory processes in the retina. Retinal venous oxygen saturation (SvO 2 ) and arteriovenous difference in eyes with central RVO have been found to be reduced and elevated, respectively. The literature indicates variable and contradictory findings in regard to branch RVO and retinal oxygenation. Additionally, ischaemic eyes have been found to have elevated retinal arterial oxygen saturation; however, the literature reports variable results regarding SvO 2 levels. Medications have been suggested to increase SvO 2 in RVO eyes, which may represent an important mechanism for disease management. Ranibizumab is currently the most studied drug for retinal oxygenation in RVO and has been suggested to increase SvO 2 in RVO eyes. In comparison, dexamethasone was found to decrease SvO 2 . Conclusion.The current literature on retinal oxygenation in ischaemic subtypes of RVO and in drug therapies is minimal, and further work is required to expand upon our understanding of how ischaemia and drugs influence retinal oxygenation and clinical outcomes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical implications of retinal oximetry in retinal vein occlusion: a review

Belamkar

Jabbehdari

Harris

et al. 2021

Acta Ophthalmologica

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“…With an accurate pixel pitch, we can quantify the lesions of retinal diseases (such as diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration), monitor the progression of the disease, and monitor the effectiveness of the treatments. The patient’s systemic diseases can also be predicted by measuring the retinal structures, such as the size of the optic disc and the diameter of retinal veins and arteries [ 4 , 5 , 8 , 9 ]. For instance, the risk of developing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, stroke, myocardial infarction, etc., can be predicted using the calibration of the retinal blood vessels [ 4 , 5 , 8 , 9 , 46 , 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The morphological changes in retinal structures such, as the optic disc and blood vessels, are not only related to the occurrence and development of ocular diseases but they are also associated with a variety of systemic diseases. For example, changes in the diameter of retinal vessels are not only considered to be associated with ophthalmic diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy [ 2 ] and glaucoma [ 3 ], but are also closely related to systemic diseases such as hypertension, arteriosclerosis [ 4 ], and chronic kidney diseases [ 5 ]. Meanwhile, the size of the optic disc is also reported to be related to ophthalmic diseases, such as acute elevated intraocular pressure [ 6 ] and hereditary optic atrophy [ 7 ], and systemic diseases, such as multiple sclerosis [ 8 ] and Parkinson’s disease [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Generic Pixel Pitch Calibration Method for Fundus Camera via Automated ROI Extraction

Long

Zou

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Pixel pitch calibration is an essential step to make the fundus structures in the fundus image quantitatively measurable, which is important for the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, e.g., diabetes, arteriosclerosis, hereditary optic atrophy, etc. The conventional calibration approaches require the specific parameters of the fundus camera or several specially shot images of the chess board, but these are generally not accessible, and the calibration results cannot be generalized to other cameras. Based on automated ROI (region of interest) and optic disc detection, the diameter ratio of ROI and optic disc (ROI–disc ratio) is quantitatively analyzed for a large number of fundus images. With the prior knowledge of the average diameter of an optic disc in fundus, the pixel pitch can be statistically estimated from a large number of fundus images captured by a specific camera without the availability of chess board images or detailed specifics of the fundus camera. Furthermore, for fundus cameras of FOV (fixed field-of-view), the pixel pitch of a fundus image of 45° FOV can be directly estimated according to the automatically measured diameter of ROI in the pixel. The average ROI–disc ratio is approximately constant, i.e., 6.404 ± 0.619 in the pixel, according to 40,600 fundus images, captured by different cameras, of 45° FOV. In consequence, the pixel pitch of a fundus image of 45° FOV can be directly estimated according to the automatically measured diameter of ROI in the pixel, and results show the pixel pitches of Canon CR2, Topcon NW400, Zeiss Visucam 200, and Newvision RetiCam 3100 cameras are 6.825 ± 0.666 μm, 6.625 ± 0.647 μm, 5.793 ± 0.565 μm, and 5.884 ± 0.574 μm, respectively. Compared with the manually measured pixel pitches, based on the method of ISO 10940:2009, i.e., 6.897 μm, 6.807 μm, 5.693 μm, and 6.050 μm, respectively, the bias of the proposed method is less than 5%. Since our method doesn’t require chess board images or detailed specifics, the fundus structures on the fundus image can be measured accurately, according to the pixel pitch obtained by this method, without knowing the type and parameters of the camera.

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“…High blood pressure primarily affects the blood vessels in the retina, altering the vessel caliber. Several study groups documented low AVR values in the course of HT [25,27]. Despite numerous studies quantifying retinal vessel caliber in HT and other cardiovascular diseases, only a few analyzed retinal vascular measurements and AVR in the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Retinal vessel analysis (RVA) is a modern methodological approach that is used to analyze retinal vessel caliber and vascular function in the retinal microcirculation [23]. The association of retinal vessel caliber abnormalities, such as arteriolar narrowing (AN) and a lower arteriovenous ratio (AVR), with HT and chronic kidney disease has been shown [24,25,26]. The width of the arterial vessels at the level of the retina depends on the age and gender, and as a person ages, the arterial vessels gradually narrow [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of retinal arteriolar narrowing in patients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease

Pietrzak-Nowacka

Lejkowska

Kawa

et al. 2022

Postępy Higieny I Medycyny Doświadczalnej

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Introduction The aim of this study was to examine retinal vessels in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients with normal kidney function and without diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods We enrolled 39 adult individuals with ADPKD and 45 gender- and age-matched individuals as controls. A full ophthalmologic examination, including retinal vessel caliber and reactions to flicker stimulation analysis and grading of hypertensive retinopathy according to the Keith-Wagener classification, was performed. Results Multivariable analysis of ADPKD patients and controls, adjusted for age, gender, estimated glomerular filtration rate (e-GFR) and the presence of hypertension, revealed that ADPKD was an independent factor associated with lower arteriovenous ratio (AVR) values (by 0.069 on average, β = −0.50, p < 0.0001). The severity of hypertensive retinopathy according to the Keith-Wagener classification appeared to be more advanced in the ADPKD group than in the controls, despite the lack of vascular abnormalities, such as retinal hemorrhages, exudates, cotton wool spots or papilledema, as well as microaneurysms, which are very characteristic signs of ADPKD in other vascular beds. Conclusions Lower AVR values could be a specific pathophysiological ocular manifestation of systemic vasculopathy in the course of ADPKD.

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Retinal oxygen saturation and vessel diameter in patients with chronic kidney disease

Cited by 7 publications

References 51 publications

Clinical implications of retinal oximetry in retinal vein occlusion: a review

Clinical implications of retinal oximetry in retinal vein occlusion: a review

A Generic Pixel Pitch Calibration Method for Fundus Camera via Automated ROI Extraction

Evidence of retinal arteriolar narrowing in patients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease

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