Retinal ischemia triggers early microglia activation in the optic nerve followed by neurofilament degeneration

Palmhof, Marina; Wagner, Natalie; Nagel, Clarissa; Biert, Nora; Stute, Gesa; Dick, H. Burkhard; Joachim, Stephanie C.

doi:10.1016/j.exer.2020.108133

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…In a well-established rat model of high intraocular pressure, a strong increase in retinal microglia was observed following an ischemic insult and suggested the involvement of this cell population in RVO (318,322). As such, it was speculated that microglia depletion and/or modulation could result in reduction of the local inflammation and general neuroprotection.…”

Section: Retinal Vascular Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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More than meets the eye: The role of microglia in healthy and diseased retina

et al. 2022

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Microglia are the main resident immune cells of the nervous system and as such they are involved in multiple roles ranging from tissue homeostasis to response to insults and circuit refinement. While most knowledge about microglia comes from brain studies, some mechanisms have been confirmed for microglia cells in the retina, the light-sensing compartment of the eye responsible for initial processing of visual information. However, several key pieces of this puzzle are still unaccounted for, as the characterization of retinal microglia has long been hindered by the reduced population size within the retina as well as the previous lack of technologies enabling single-cell analyses. Accumulating evidence indicates that the same cell type may harbor a high degree of transcriptional, morphological and functional differences depending on its location within the central nervous system. Thus, studying the roles and signatures adopted specifically by microglia in the retina has become increasingly important. Here, we review the current understanding of retinal microglia cells in physiology and in disease, with particular emphasis on newly discovered mechanisms and future research directions.

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Section: Retinal Vascular Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, an ischemic injury results from impaired blood circulation and leads to inflammatory responses, including microglia activation and proliferation. Moreover, cell death eventually affects retinal ganglion cells, which are particularly vulnerable to ischemic conditions (317)(318)(319)(320)(321)(322)(323)(324).…”

Section: Retinal Vascular Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

More than meets the eye: The role of microglia in healthy and diseased retina

et al. 2022

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“…However, the release of a wide range of toxic and proinflammatory mediators by activated microglia/macrophages can be harmful and worsen retinal disease ( 32 , 33 , 37 ). In a rodent retinal ischemia-reperfusion model, microglia/macrophage activation was associated with secondary apoptotic retinal ganglion cells after reperfusion and started days before the later onset of structural damage ( 42 ). Therefore, MLCs might be a potential target for neuroprotective treatment in ischemia-reperfusion injury.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in macrophage-like cells characterized by en face optical coherence tomography after retinal stroke

Zeng

Wen

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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PurposeThe retina could serve as a window of neuroinflammation, but the in vivo changes in macrophage-like cell (MLC), such as microglia, in acute ischemic retinal stroke remain unclear. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the in vivo changes in MLC characterized by en face optical coherence tomography (OCT) after acute ischemic retinal stroke.MethodsTwenty patients with unilateral acute nonarteritic reperfused central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) were participated in this study, and their contralateral eyes served as control group. A 3 μm en face OCT slab on the inner limiting membrane of the optic nerve head (ONH) region or macular region was used to visualize and binarize the MLCs. The MLCs were binarized and quantified using a semiautomated method. OCT angiography was used to evaluate the reperfusion status and obtain the structural data of the inner retina in the ONH and macula. The thickness of the ganglion cell complex in the macular region was measured. The optical intensity and optical intensity ratio of the inner retina were calculated to evaluate the ischemia severity.ResultsIn the ONH region, decreased vessel densities of radial peripapillary capillaries accompanied by increased thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer were found in the CRAO eyes in comparison to the unaffected eyes (p=0.001, p=0.009, respectively). In the macular region, significantly lower vessel densities in both the superficial and deep capillary plexus and increased thickness of the ganglion cell complex were also found in the CRAO eyes (all p ≤ 0.001). The ONH and macular MLC quantities and densities in CRAO eyes were significantly higher than those in the unaffected eyes (both p<0.001). Larger and plumper MLCs were observed in the CRAO eyes compared with their unaffected eyes. ONH and macular MLC densities were positively associated with the disease duration in the acute phase and the optical intensity ratio of inner retina.ConclusionsThe increased density and morphological changes of MLCs may indicate the aggregation and activation of MLCs following acute reperfused CRAO. The aggregation of MLCs may be more pronounced in CRAO eyes with longer disease duration and more severe ischemia. MLCs characterized by en face OCT may serve as an in vivo visual tool to investigate neuroinflammation in the ischemic-reperfusion process of stroke.

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“…Similar to our results, it showed the improvement of BCVA and visual field is not obvious in the early postoperative period, and even some patients will get worse; but long-term follow-up can find significant recovery ( 21 ). This may be due to the ischemia-reperfusion injury or optic nerve injury due to decreased intracranial pressure after removal of the tumor ( 22 , 23 ). Overall, the long-term prognosis is the appropriate time point for visual acuity assessed by CCD before surgery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Predicts Visual Outcomes for Craniopharyngioma in Children by Quantifying Choroidal Capillaries

et al. 2022

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Purpose: To predict the prognosis of craniopharyngioma in children by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).Methods: We evaluated if the relationship between preoperative OCTA of the choroidal capillary density (CCD) and visual outcome continued over long-term visual recovery in 38 patients undergoing craniopharyngioma resection. Patients were evaluated 3 times: 1 week before surgery (Visit1), followed-up at 6–10 weeks (Visit2), and 9–15 months (Visit3) after surgery.Results: In total 38 patients (70 eyes) with craniopharyngiomas, which included 20 (52.6%) boys and 18 (47.4%)girls, the mean age was 11.8 ± 2.7 years (range: 6–18 years). The age (p = 0.71), gender (p = 1.00), mean refractive error (p = 0.55), and axial length (p = 0.23) of 38 normal volunteers (76 eyes) were matched. After surgery, the cross-compression of patients was relieved. The average visual acuity change in the normal CCD group was 0.07 ± 0.02; the average visual acuity change in the low CCD group was 0.01 ± 0.01, p < 0.001. Preoperative CCD value is related to the preoperative BCVA (p < 0.001), and the visual function after the long-term follow-up (9–15 months) (p < 0.001). The prognosis of CCD has the same trend as the BCVA. Further correlation analysis shows that CCD and BCVA are significantly correlated (r = 0.878; p < 0.001). CCD has a weak but significant correlation both with MD (r = 0.19; p < 0.001) and PSD (r = −0.21; p <0.001). A natural cutoff of CCD is approximately 38%. With the normal CCD group the maximum improvement of BCVA exceeds 0.3 post-operatively, compared to eyes in the low CCD group that improve by <0.03, and worse after surgery.Conclusions: Long-term vision recovery after surgical decompression of craniopharyngiomas in children can be predicted by preoperative by OCTA. Patients with normal CCD before surgery showed a tendency to improve vision; this trend of improvement persisted in subsequent follow-ups. The CCD baseline natural cutoff value for predicting visual prognosis before and after surgery is about 38%.

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Retinal ischemia triggers early microglia activation in the optic nerve followed by neurofilament degeneration

Cited by 10 publications

References 53 publications

More than meets the eye: The role of microglia in healthy and diseased retina

More than meets the eye: The role of microglia in healthy and diseased retina

Changes in macrophage-like cells characterized by en face optical coherence tomography after retinal stroke

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Predicts Visual Outcomes for Craniopharyngioma in Children by Quantifying Choroidal Capillaries

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