Retention of a passive avoidance response as a function of the intensity and duration of electric shock

Ader, Robert; Weijnen, J.A.W.M.; Moleman, P.

doi:10.3758/bf03335453

Cited by 404 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Animals were trained in a step-through type one-trial learning passive avoidance test [1]. The experimental apparatus consisted of an illuminated platform attached to a large dark compartment equipped with a grid floor.…”

Section: Behavioral Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the present experiments we used the passive avoidance test procedure to analyse memory processes of rats, and disturbed circadian organization of the animals by changing the usual light/dark illumination schedule. The studies were designed, (1) to compare the effects of phaseshifting the light/dark cycle with those of constant exposure to light and of a reversed day/night cycle, (2) to analyse the duration of the amnesia induced by phase-shifting, (3) to investigate whether the phase-shifting-induced amnesia is due to disturbances of learning, consolidation, and/or retrieval processes, (4) to analyse the specificity of the impaired performance as observed in the passive avoidance procedure, by studying the effect of changing the normal light/dark cycle on extinction of active avoidance behavior, as well as on social and explorative behavior of rats tested in dyadic encounters.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Disrupting circadian rhythms in rats induces retrograde amnesia

Fekete

Ree

Niesink

et al. 1985

Physiology & Behavior

103

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WIED. Disrupting circadian rhythms in rats induces retrograde amnesia. PHYSIOL BEHAV 34(6) [883][884][885][886][887] 1985.--Disrupting circadian organization in rats by phase-shifting the illumination cycle or by exposure to a reversed day/night cycle or to continuous light, resulted in retrograde amnesia for passive avoidance behavior. This retrograde amnesia induced by phase-shifting lasted at least 2 days, and gradually diminished the longer the rats were exposed to the new illumination cycle. Retention performance was not impaired when rats were exposed to phase-shifting for 3-5 days before the learning trial. The retrograde amnesia due to changing the illumination cycle is probably due to retrieval disturbances. Extinction of active avoidance behavior was facilitated in rats exposed to a phase-shifted illuminiation cycle, but social and explorative behavior of rats tested in dyadic encounters were not affected by changing the normal illumination cycle. It is concluded that phase-shifting may result in amnesia for newly learned behavioral responses, but not for more innate behavioral patterns. Circadian organizationRetrograde amnesia Active avoidance behavior Passive avoidance behavior Social behavior Day/night cycle CIRCADIAN organization may play a critical role in memory processes [4,5,9,10]. Thus phase-shifting circadian rhythms in rats shortly after passive avoidance training impaired their performance during retention testing, suggesting that disrupting circadian organization produces retrograde amnesia [9]. In the present experiments we used the passive avoidance test procedure to analyse memory processes of rats, and disturbed circadian organization of the animals by changing the usual light/dark illumination schedule. The studies were designed, (1) to compare the effects of phaseshifting the light/dark cycle with those of constant exposure to light and of a reversed day/night cycle, (2) to analyse the duration of the amnesia induced by phase-shifting, (3) to investigate whether the phase-shifting-induced amnesia is due to disturbances of learning, consolidation, and/or retrieval processes, (4) to analyse the specificity of the impaired performance as observed in the passive avoidance procedure, by studying the effect of changing the normal light/dark cycle on extinction of active avoidance behavior, as well as on social and explorative behavior of rats tested in dyadic encounters. METHOD AnimalsMale Wistar rats of an inbred strain (CPB-TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands) weighing 130-150 g, were used. The animals housed 5-6 per cage at room temperature (20--21°C) under ad lib food and water conditions. In the animal colony the lights were on from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. All observations were made between 8 a.m. and noon, except when otherwise indicated. During experimentation the rats were housed identically, except that the periods that the lights were on and off were changed. The following illumination conditions were used: reversed day/night cycle: lights on from 8 p.m. to 6 a.m., constant light: lights on f...

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Section: Behavioral Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Disrupting circadian rhythms in rats induces retrograde amnesia

Fekete

Ree

Niesink

et al. 1985

Physiology & Behavior

103

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“…Passive avoidance behavior was studied in a simple stepthrough type of passive avoidance situation as described in detail elsewhere [1]. Briefly, rats were adapted to the apparatus consisting of a large dark compartment equipped with a grid floor and a mesh-covered elevated runway attached to the front center of the dark chamber.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral and endocrine responses of rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain)

Bohus

Greidanus

Wied

1975

Physiology & Behavior

165

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BOHUS, B., Tj. B. VAN WIMERSMA GREIDANUS AND D. DE WIED. Behavioral and endocrine responses of rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain). PHYSIOL. BEHAV. 14(5) [609][610][611][612][613][614][615] 1975. -Behavioral and endocrine profiles were established of homozygous (HO-DI) and heterozygous (HE-DI) rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus in comparison to Wistar strain rats. HO-DI rats were inferior m acquiring and maintaining active and passive avoidance behavior. Behavioral deficits were most obwous in a step-through one-trial learning passive avoidance test and least in multiple trial one way active avoidance test. Plasma eortieosterone levels determined after the retention test appeared to be closely related to the passive avoidance behavior of the HO-DI rats. Passive avoidance immediately after the single learning trial was associated with elevated plasma corticosterone level; absence of avoidance and absence in plasma cortieosterone elevation was observed 24 hr after learning. These observations are compatible with the hypothesis that vasopressin is involved in the consolidation and/or retrieval of learned responses. Differences between HO-DI and Wistar rats m open field behavior, in response threshold to electric footshock, and in a number of somatic endocrine parameters are reported and discussed. Hereditary hypothalamlc diabetes msipidusVasopressln Shuttle box avoidance Pole jumping avoidance Step-through passive avoidance Plasma corticosterone response Open field Footshock responsiveness Body growth Hypophysis Adrenal Testis VASOPRESSIN or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) of posterior pituitary origin plays an important role in the organization of adaptive behavior. Removal of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland interferes with the maintenance of a shuttle box avoidance response in the rat which can be restored by treatment with pitressin or lysine-8-vasopressin (LVP) [21]. Impaired acquisition of a similar avoidance response which occurs after hypophysectomy is ameliorated by LVP [ 6]. In the intact rat the same preparations increase resistance to extinction of both a shuttle box and pole jumping avoidance response [23,24,29] and facilitate passive avoidance behavior [2,5]. These behavioral effects of vasopressin are of a long term nature and last much longer than can be accounted for by the actual presence of the peptide in the organism [6,23,24]. The effect of vasopressin on behavior is not due to its classical endocrine activities. Desglycinamide-8-1yslne vasopressin (DG-LVP), a peptide isolated from hog pituitary material which lacks almost all antidiuretic and pressor activities [26], also stimulates avoidance acquisition in hypophysectomized rats [8], increases resistance to extinction of a pole jumping avoidance response [26], and improves passive avoidance retention in the intact rat [15]. These 609 observations together with those showing similar behavioral effects of intracerebrally and peripherally administered LVP [29] led to the hypothesis th...

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“…The experiments were carried out on adult male outbred rats (Krjukovo, Moscow region) weighing 180-240 g. The step-through passive avoidance test, performed in a Lafayette Instrument Co. (USA) apparatus, was used for estimating memory retention according to Ader et al [16]. The device consists of a lighted platform (25 x 7 cm) and a dark compartment (40 x 40 x 40 cm).…”

Section: Antiamnesic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a novel endogenous memory facilitating cyclic dipeptide cyclo‐prolylglycine in rat brain

Gudasheva¹,

Boiko²,

Akparov³

et al. 1996

FEBS Letters

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Using high-performance liquid chromatography, gaschromatography and chromato-mass spectrometry methods a novel endogenous cyclic dipeptide cyclo-prolylglycine was identified in rat brain. Its content according to gas chromatography is 2.8 + 0.3 nmol/g wet brain. Synthetic cyclo-prolylglycine has demonstrated antiamnesic activity in the passive avoidance test in rats at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.p. Cyclic dipeptide cyclo-prolylglycine seems to be a memory facilitating substance and its presence in rat brain suggests the existence of a new mechanism of memory regulation.Key words: Cyclo-prolylglycine; Endogenous cyclic dipeptide; Memory facilitating substance displays activity due to interaction with one vasopressin receptor subtype. We have found out, however, that unlike piracetam, which facilitates the initial processing of memory engram as well as consolidation, the dipeptide pGlu-Asn-NH2 improved only the phase of information input and retrieval, but did not influence consolidation [10]. On the other hand, proline-containing dipeptide analogues of piracetam facilitated consolidation [11]. The cyclic dipeptide cyclo-(Pro-Gly) turned out to be the most active of them [12]. This cyclic dipeptide can be assumed to be one of the endogenous ligands of hypothetic 'nootropic receptors', which selectively regulates the processes of training and memory. This work is devoted to the identification of endogenous cyclo-(Pro-Gly) in rat brain.

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Retention of a passive avoidance response as a function of the intensity and duration of electric shock

Cited by 404 publications

References 14 publications

Disrupting circadian rhythms in rats induces retrograde amnesia

Disrupting circadian rhythms in rats induces retrograde amnesia

Behavioral and endocrine responses of rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain)

Identification of a novel endogenous memory facilitating cyclic dipeptide cyclo‐prolylglycine in rat brain

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