Respiratory effects of hexachlorocyclopentadiene on intact rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and on oxidative phosphorylation of isolated trout heart mitochondria

Sinhaseni, Palarp; DʼAlecy, Louis G.; Hartung, R.; Shlafer, Marshal

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(83)90227-2

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 10 publications

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“…For example, it appears that The Netherlands will propose a PNEC water for hexachlorocyclopenta‐diene, a precursor of the pesticide endosulfan, of 0.03 μg/L. Notably, this material appeared to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation [20], which is a specific MOA (i.e., MOA4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mode of action and aquatic exposure thresholds of no concern

Wolf¹,

Siebel-Sauer

Lecloux³

et al. 2005

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Threshold concepts of toxicological concern are based on the possibility of establishing an exposure threshold value for chemicals below which no significant risk is to be expected. The objective of the present study is to address environmental thresholds of no toxicological concern for freshwater systems (ETNCaq) for organic chemicals. We analyzed environmental toxicological databases (acute and chronic endpoints) and substance hazard assessments. Lowest numbers and 95th‐percentile values were derived using data stratification based on mode of action (MOA; 1 = inert chemicals; 2 = less inert chemicals; 3 = reactive chemicals; 4 = specifically acting chemicals). The ETNCaq values were derived by multiplying the lowest 95th percentile values with appropriate application factors; ETNCaq,MOA1–3 is approximately 0.1 μg/L. A preliminary analysis with complete MOA stratification of the databases shows that in the case of MOA1 or MOA2, the ETNCaq value could be even higher than 0.1 μg/L. A significantly lower ETNCaqMOA4 value was observed based on the long‐term toxicity information in the European Centre for the Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals database. Application of the ETNCaq value in a tiered risk‐assessment scheme may help chemical producers to set data‐generation priorities and to refine or reduce animal use. It also may help to inform downstream users concerning the relative risk associated with their specific uses and be of value in putting environmental monitoring data into a risk‐assessment perspective.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mode of action and aquatic exposure thresholds of no concern

Wolf¹,

Siebel-Sauer

Lecloux³

et al. 2005

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Biotransformation and disposition of hexachlorocyclopentadiene in fish

Podowski

Sclove

Pilipowicz

et al. 1991

Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.

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Fate of hexachlorocyclopentadiene (Hex) was studied in fresh-water fish using in vivo and in vitro systems. Hex injected intraperitoneally into goldfish is readily distributed, stored and metabolized (greater than 11 organosoluble and hydrophilic metabolites). The body radioactivity in tissues declines, but levels in bile remain high, indicating biliary excretion as a major route of elimination for Hex and its metabolites. Total radioactivity eliminated in water indicated three phases with a calculated half-life (t1/2) of 7 days and predicted 90 and 95% clearance of 162 and 211 days, respectively. A 3-segment straight line model gave the best fit of the elimination data. A compartmental model indicated two elimination and one reabsorption phase. For a static system, two phases of elimination were detected with a calculated t1/2 of 9 days and predicted 90 and 95% clearance of 77 and 107 days, respectively. A compartmental model indicated that one elimination and one reabsorption phase were involved. Goldfish produced a number of organosoluble and watersoluble metabolites in vivo. Several of the organosolubles may be volatile, and at least 11 were characterized by thin-layer chromatography. The primary metabolites may react with endogenous molecules which render them more hydrophilic. Hepatic microsomal P-450 oxygenases and cytosolic GSH-transferases from bluegills may be involved in Hex metabolism. GSH can also alter HEX nonenzymically. The two hexane-extractable (in vitro) metabolites of Hex were more polar than Hex. The inhibitors of the microsomal P-450 oxygenases (piperonyl butoxide) and UDPGA-transferase (salicylamide) do not affect the toxicity of HEX to goldfish fingerlings, indicating that its toxicity may not be related to these pathways.

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