Resources in EMDR and Other Trauma-Focused Psychotherapy: A Review

A s research data on traumatic stress and posttraumatic adaptations have accumulated over the past several decades, it has become increasingly evident that the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as currently delineated in the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), fails to account for the complex symptomatology that emerges following chronic interpersonal traumatization. Chronic abuse, often coupled with failures in attachment, appear to have a profound effect on cognitive, affective, and psychosocial development, leading to an inadequate sense of self, impaired schemas, defi cits in affect regulation and impulse control, and problems in forming and maintaining healthy, secure attachments in adulthood.

Section: Phase 1: Stabilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

EMDR and the Treatment of Complex PTSD: A Review

Korn¹

2009

“…The use of guided or suggested imagery in treatment is essentially a naturalistic form of clinical hypnosis. Safe place imagery combined with ABS became established early on as an EMDR technique for providing a positive context for the introduction of ABS as a tool for managing anxiety and arousal during trauma processing (Leeds, 2009;Shapiro, 2001). Safe place imagery originated as a clinical hypnosis imagery technique (Brown & Fromm, 1986;Korn & Johnson, 1983) and is an example of a hypnotic tool already widely utilized in EMDR treatment.…”

Section: Potential Complementary Benefi Tsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Safe place imagery originated as a clinical hypnosis imagery technique (Brown & Fromm, 1986;Korn & Johnson, 1983) and is an example of a hypnotic tool already widely utilized in EMDR treatment. EMDR Resource Development and Installation (RDI) protocols were developed following published case reports involving the installation of imagery with ABS (Leeds, 2009;Korn & Leeds, 2002). In addition to the use of imagery, RDI utilizes skills building, metaphor, and art therapy in the development of resources, all identifi ed by the patient and installed with short sets of ABS.…”

Section: Potential Complementary Benefi Tsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Korn and Leeds (2002) presented outcome data on the use of RDI in the treatment of complex PTSD demonstrating clinically signifi cant positive changes on several standard measures, although the data was uncontrolled for non-RDI and non-ABS treatment conditions. Leeds (2009) reviewed the development and use of resources in trauma-focused psychotherapy with both EMDR and non-EMDR treatment approaches and noted that interventions focused on stabilization originated with hypnosis and specifi cally with Janet (1897) in his treatment of patients with dissociative disorders.…”

Section: Potential Complementary Benefi Tsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Integrative Use of EMDR and Clinical Hypnosis in the Treatment of Adults Abused as Children

Harford¹

2010

The potential benefits of the use of a permissive style of clinical hypnosis as a therapeutic medium to enhance eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) trauma treatment are explored. A comparative review of hypnosis and EMDR is provided, including putative psychophysiological mechanisms for both. A rationale for integrating clinical hypnosis with EMDR treatment is presented. It is suggested that hypnosis primarily enhances the accessibility of traumatic information while EMDR primarily enhances the reprocessing of traumatic information and that accessibility and reprocessing are reciprocal features. The relative and combined merits of hypnosis and EMDR for resource development are discussed. The author proposes that clinical hypnosis may be incorporated into EMDR without necessarily modifying the eight-stage EMDR protocol apart from modifications that are indicated for special conditions. Three case vignettes are used to illustrate the integrative use of clinical hypnosis and EMDR in the treatment of adults who experienced childhood abuse.

“…oth the safe place protocol (Shapiro, 2001) and the related resource development and installation (RDI; Korn & Leeds, 2002;Leeds, 1995Leeds, , 2009) use horizontal eye movements (EMs; or another form of bilateral stimulation) as an essential part of how these procedures are applied. The assumption is that EMs stimulate the information processing process (Shapiro, 2001) and are therefore helpful to strengthen the positive memory material.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stop the Use of Eye Movements in Resource Development and Installation, Until Their Additional Value Has Been Proven: A Rejoinder to

Hornsveld¹,

Jongh²,

Broeke³

2012

This brief article responds to Leeds and Korn's (2012) commentary on our article in which we found that eye movements (EMs) during recall of positive and resourceful autobiographic memories (such as those used in resource development and installation [RDI]) led to decreases of (a) vividness, (b) pleasantness, and (c) experienced strength of the intended quality or resource. Hence, we found an opposite effect than what was intended and critically discussed this in our article. In their comments, Leeds and Korn stress their positive clinical experience with RDI and emphasize the limitations of our study. Here we argue that our results, despite their limitations, are fully in line with mounting evidence supporting a working memory account for EMs. Moreover, opposite effects for EMs in the RDI and the safe place procedure accord with several other clinical observations. Given the absence of any confirmatory results, we again advocate, and now even more strongly, to stop the use of EMs in the RDI and safe place procedures until their additional value has been proven.