Residues: Rethinking Chemical Environments

Boudia, Soraya; Creager, Angela N. H.; Frickel, Scott; Henry, Emmanuel; Jas, Nathalie; Reinhardt, Carsten; Roberts, Jody A.

doi:10.17351/ests2018.245

Cited by 59 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…But, just as much, considering the trend to poorer, marginalised communities (often based in racial and class divides) living on former industrial and farm sites, such gaps in data and can have disproportionate effects. This cascading toxicity, moving from forgotten chemical legacies contaminating the ground to pollutants in drinking water had direct effect on the socio-economically disadvantaged populations that often live in or near former industrial sites [18]. By not collecting this data, structural water insecurity is built in for those already less powerful in society, trends that in the US have already instigated discourses around racial violence [11].…”

Section: Differential and Unequal Vulnerabilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balancing Innovation and Vulnerability: Water Security in an Age of Cyber-Warfare

Petersen

Wieltschnig

2020

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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Through technological and organisational innovations, water services are increasingly finding new pathways to reduce water insecurity. For instance, the real-time detection of water pollution through the deployment of novel sensors can mitigate contamination problems before they become widespread. While these tools open up new forms of water security, they simultaneously create new forms of vulnerability as the connectivity and digitalisation of these infrastructures create remote pathways to control water system behaviours. The cyber-warfare capabilities of state and non-state actors are becoming increasingly sophisticated, and attacks have successfully infiltrated water systems with worrying potential. Indeed, in 2018, the US Department of Homeland Security and Federal Bureau of Investigations highlighted the threat of cyber-attacks from hostile countries on water systems, demonstrating the very real nature of these threats. This paper assesses the vulnerabilities arising from increasing interconnectivity and digitalisation in water infrastructures, paying particular attention to demographics at risk of insecurity. The paper starts by reviewing cyber-warfare practices relating to infrastructure, including their increasing frequency and sophistication. This is overlaid with a current demographic understanding of water insecurity and potential vulnerabilities to cyber-attack to identify what intersectionalities appear as new threats emerge. The paper then explores the necessary structure and value of ethical impact assessments in the design of innovative technology and practices in the water sector. In order to foster sensitivity to vulnerabilities and create avenues for incorporating scalable preventative and mitigating measures into design, a practical framework (in the form of a list of questions) is outlined. This paper finds that our understanding of water insecurity must adapt to the challenges posed by cyber-attacks. Sensitivity to the existence of these threats must be fostered and a practical framework developed to attune stakeholders to cyber-threats and assist those engaged with new technologies in the water sector.

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Section: Differential and Unequal Vulnerabilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balancing Innovation and Vulnerability: Water Security in an Age of Cyber-Warfare

Petersen

Wieltschnig

2020

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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“…Their elusive nature is reinforced by practices of undone science and public inaction, which provide ways for escaping regulations like the ones mentioned in this review and in the papers included in this volume. 88 HoST -Journal of History of Science and Technology 13, no. 1 (June 2019): 1-27 DOI 10.2478/host-2019-0001…”

Section: A Role For Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction. Pesticides: Past and Present

Sánchez

2019

HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology

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Chemical agents have been employed in pest control for centuries, but during the second half of the nineteenth century their use intensified considerably. The increasing international commerce of seeds and crops, the expansion of monoculture across the planet, and the new modes of circulation provided by the new motorized transports (trains, cars, modern ships) led to a global spread of new pests, which explains, at least in part, the intensification of the use of chemical pesticides in agriculture. At the turn of the twentieth century, the use of arsenic compounds, copper salts and nicotine extracts was already a common practice in many parts of the world. Moreover, these agents were part of the processes of specialization and intensification in agriculture, which introduced new forms of land ownership and mechanized production and also expanded the modes of irrigation, the use of agrochemicals such as synthetic fertilizers and herbicides, and plant breeding techniques. Since the end of the World War II, synthetic pesticides have been essential elements of the intensification of agriculture and the so-called Introduction.

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“…The material flows of industrial metabolism became as much a novel landscape of toxicity and dysbiosis as one of nutrition and recirculation. There are several reasons why this was not a perpetual motion machine of feeding and re-feeding proceeding without residues (Boudia et al 2018). Each re-fed substance enters into other conduits of consumption, production, and excretion.…”

Section: Enter Growth Promotersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A metabolic history of manufacturing waste: food commodities and their outsides

Landecker

2019

Food, Culture & Society

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The early twentieth-century industrialization of food production and processing generated large volumes of processing waste. Following the fate of waste products cast off from the new food commodities, this article describes the logics and practices of large-scale waste reuse as animal feed and microbial nutrient medium in industrial chemical production in the United States.A "chemical gaze" on matter recast disparate burdensome byproducts such as beet pulp, cottonseed meal, or arsenic trioxide in terms of resources to be fed forward through microbial and animal metabolism. Focused on feed efficiency and growth promotion, this chemical gaze was selectively attuned to growth yet blind to the emerging infrastructure of waste-as-feed as a massive circulatory system for both nutrients and the toxicants introduced by growth promoters. Following metabolic pathways of materials over time, this history is at once an account of animal feed systems in twentieth-century America, and a tracing of the externalities of food commodities as they pass through different chemical forms.

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Residues: Rethinking Chemical Environments

Cited by 59 publications

References 9 publications

Balancing Innovation and Vulnerability: Water Security in an Age of Cyber-Warfare

Balancing Innovation and Vulnerability: Water Security in an Age of Cyber-Warfare

Introduction. Pesticides: Past and Present

A metabolic history of manufacturing waste: food commodities and their outsides

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