Residue organic mixtures from drinking water show<i>in vitro</i>mutagenic and transforming activity

Loper, John C.; Lang, Dennis; Schoeny, Rita; Richmond, Bonnie B.; Gallagher, Patricia M.; Smith, Carl C.

doi:10.1080/15287397809529712

Cited by 95 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Both the CA and the nylon concentrates are then adjusted to neutral pH and extracted with pentane and methylene chloride. The aqueous phases are adjusted to a pH of 2 with HCl and again extracted with methylene chloride. For purposes of this study these fractions were combined and the solvent removed to produce the reverse osmosis extract sample (ROE).…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of biological assay systems to assess the relative carcinogenic hazards of disinfection by-products.

Bull¹,

Robinson²,

Meier³

et al. 1982

Environ Health Perspect

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Other workers have clearly shown that most, if not all, drinking water in the U.S. contains chemicals that possess mutagenic and/or carcinogenic activity by using bacterial and in vitro methods. In the present work, increased numbers of tumors were observed with samples of organic material isolated from 5 U.S. cities administered as tumor initiators in mouse skin initiation/promotion studies. Only in one case was the result significantly different from control. In studies designed to test whether disinfection practice contributes significantly to the tumor initiating activity found in drinking water mixed results have been obtained. In one experiment, water disinfected by chlorination, ozonation or combined chlorine resulted in a significantly greater number of papillomas when compared to nondisinfected water. In two subsequent experiments, where water was obtained from the Ohio River at different times of the year, no evidence of increased initiating activity was observed with any disinfectant. Analysis of water obtained at the comparable times of the year for total organic halogen, and trihalomethane formation revealed a substantial variation in the formation of these products. Considering the problems such variability poses for estimating risks associated with disinfection by-products, a model system which makes use of commercially obtained humic acid as a substrate for chlorination was investigated using the Ames test. Humic and fulvic acids obtained from two surface waters as well as the commercially obtained humic acid were without activity in TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98 or TA 100 strains of S. typhimurium. Following treatment with a 0.8 molar ratio of chlorine (based on carbon) significant mutagenic activity was observed with all humic and fulvic acid samples. Comparisons of the specific mutagenic activity of the chlorinated products suggests that the commercial material might provide a useful model for studying health hazards associated with disinfection reactions by-products.

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Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of biological assay systems to assess the relative carcinogenic hazards of disinfection by-products.

Bull¹,

Robinson²,

Meier³

et al. 1982

Environ Health Perspect

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“…En 1976, de nouveaux travaux démontrent que le chloroforme, l'un des principaux trihalomethanes retrouvés dans les eaux d'alimentation, est cancérigène chez le rat et la souris. Les nombreux travaux qui ont suivi ont abouti à la démonstration de l'existence d'une activité mutagène induite par les extraits d'eau d'alimentation chlorée dans le test d'Ames sur Salmonella typhimurium (LOPER et al, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Identification de composés génotoxiques dans les eaux de boisson

Curieux¹,

Erb²,

Marzin³

2005

rseau

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Depuis la mise en évidence de trihalométhanes dans les eaux potables en 1974, de multiples travaux ont démontré la présence de nombreux composés génotoxiques dans l'eau de boisson. L'eau potable obtenue à partir d'eau de surface subit un traitement incluant généralement une étape de chloration. Il est aujourd'hui largement admis que l'activité génotoxique des eaux de boisson provient principalement de la chloration des substances humiques, composés organiques naturels contenus dans l'eau brute et issus de la dégradation des déchets animaux et végétaux. Les très faibles concentrations en composés génotoxiques dans les eaux potables nécessitent la concentration des échantillons, procédé qui risque toutefois de modifier la génotoxicité. Plusieurs tests mettant en oeuvre des cellules procaryotes ou eucaryotes, des plantes ou des mammifères, ont permis de mettre en évidence les effets génotoxiques dans des eaux potables chlorées. L'identification des composés génotoxiques est réalisée au moyen des données de la spectrométrie de masse et de la spectroscopie UV ou RMN (proton ou carbone). Ces agents sont généralement non volatils, acides et polaires. Bien que certains composés inorganiques interviennent parfois, la majeure partie de la génotoxicité est attribuée aux agents organohalogénés (bromés ou/et chlorés), les principaux étant les trihalométhanes, acides acétiques, acétonitriles, cétones, et hydroxyfuranones. La fixation de normes contribue à limiter l'exposition des populations aux agents potentiellement dangereux. La qualité des eaux de boisson peut être accrue en utilisant une eau brute moins chargée en matière organique, et en améliorant le traitement chimique tout en veillant à conserver la qualité microbiologique de l'eau produite.In 1974, two independent studies - one in the Netherlands and the other in the United States - demonstrated the occurrence of trihalomethanes in drinking water. Following studies showed that these chemicals were common contaminants of drinking water and that chloroform, i.e. one of these trihalomethanes, was carcinogenic in rodents. Further investigations demonstrated that extracts of chlorinated drinking water induced significant mutagenicity in the Ames/Salmonella assay. In the present paper we will fist discuss the methods used to detect the genotoxic activity of drinking water and, then, the methods developed to identify the compounds responsible for this activity. After this, we will present the main genotoxic chemicals identified in drinking water, before finally considering several propositions to limit the exposure of populations to these genotoxic compounds.Drinking water is usually produced through a multistage process which includes one or several chlorination steps. It is now widely accepted that the genotoxic activity of drinking water mainly originates fr...

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“…In particular, Loper et al (31) found city-specifi c patterns of dose-dependent bacterial mutagenicity for nonvolatile organic concentrates prepared from drinking water by reverse osmosis concentration followed by organic ex traction. One sample, prepared from New Orleans drinking water, was shown to transform mouse fibroblasts, yielding cells that exhibited some properties of tumor cells.…”

Section: Estimates Of Cancer Risks From Organic Contaminants In Grounmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking Water and Cancer: Review of Recent Epidemiological Findings and Assessment of Risks

Crump¹,

Guess²

1982

Annu. Rev. Public Health

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Residue organic mixtures from drinking water showin vitromutagenic and transforming activity

Cited by 95 publications

References 16 publications

Use of biological assay systems to assess the relative carcinogenic hazards of disinfection by-products.

Use of biological assay systems to assess the relative carcinogenic hazards of disinfection by-products.

Identification de composés génotoxiques dans les eaux de boisson

Drinking Water and Cancer: Review of Recent Epidemiological Findings and Assessment of Risks

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