Drinking Water and Cancer: Review of Recent Epidemiological Findings and Assessment of Risks

Crump, Kenny S.; Guess, Harry A.

doi:10.1146/annurev.pu.03.050182.002011

Cited by 63 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Ecological studies showed positive correlations between mortality rates and areas with high levels of DBPs in drinking water, and were followed with case-control studies [48]. Because of methodological drawbacks (e.g., the use of certificate data, exposure assessment limitations, lack of control for confounding), better-designed studies have since been conducted.…”

Section: Disinfection By-products and Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects

Villanueva

Cordier²,

Font-Ribera

et al. 2015

Curr Envir Health Rpt

226

124

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The presence of chemical compounds formed as disinfection by-products (DBPs) is widespread in developed countries, and virtually whole populations are exposed to these chemicals through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal absorption from drinking water and swimming pools. Epidemiological evidence has shown a consistent association between long-term exposure to trihalomethanes and the risk of bladder cancer, although the causal nature of the association is not conclusive. Evidence concerning other cancer sites is insufficient or mixed. Numerous studies have evaluated reproductive implications, including sperm quality, time to pregnancy, menstrual cycle, and pregnancy outcomes such as fetal loss, fetal growth, preterm delivery, and congenital malformation. The body of evidence suggests only minor effects from high exposure during pregnancy on fetal growth indices such as small for gestational age (SGA) at birth. Populations highly exposed to swimming pools such as pool workers and professional swimmers show a higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms and asthma, respectively, although the direction of the association, and thus causality, is not clear among professional swimmers. The risk of asthma, wheezing, eczema, and other respiratory outcomes among children attending swimming pools has been the object of extensive research. Early studies suggested a positive association, while subsequent larger studies found no correlations or showed a protective association. Future research should develop methods to evaluate the effects of the DBP mixture and the interaction with personal characteristics (e.g., genetics, lifestyle), clarify the association between swimming pools and respiratory health, evaluate the occurrence of DBPs in lowand middle-income countries, and evaluate outcomes suggested by animal studies that have not been considered in epidemiological investigations.

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Section: Disinfection By-products and Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects

Villanueva

Cordier²,

Font-Ribera

et al. 2015

Curr Envir Health Rpt

226

124

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Tobacco 5 , excessive alcohol 6 , excessive sunrays exposure 7 , radiation 7 , wood dust 8 , dyes, tar, bitumen, benzene 9 , chloroform 10 , dietary fat 11 , cigarette smoking 12 , automobile diesel exhausts 13 , and locally brewed alcoholics 14 are common workplace carcinogens. In developing countries, cancer treatments is emphasized more than cancer prevention but since one-third of cancers are preventable, knowledge of carcinogen predisposing factors will lead to more effective preventive approaches 15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental exposure to carcinogens in northwestern Cameroon

Nsagha¹,

Aj²,

Nguedia³

et al. 2013

Afr H. Sci.

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Background: In developing countries, 6% of deaths are due to cancer but cancer prevention is not practiced. Humans can prevent themselves from a number of workplace and environmental carcinogens. Objectives: To assess exposure to carcinogens, risky behaviours and associated preventive methods. Methods: A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on carcinogen exposure in the workplace and environment through trained field staff from volunteers after gaining informed consent. Data was analysed using SPSS. Results: Participants were exposed to recognized carcinogens and environmental hazards. Thirty-five (83.3%) [95% CI: 72.0-94.6] participants knew the carcinogen names they were exposed to. Common hygienic practices such as taking a bath and washing work dresses at the workplace, use of detergents to wash hands, and no smoking or eating at the workplace were poor. Twenty-nine (69.0%) [95% CI: 47.0 -75.0] participants could smell the carcinogenic chemicals they use. Thirty (71.4%) [95% CI: 65.0 -77.0] participants had been instructed in the use of protective equipment against carcinogens. Participants used preventive devices like hand gloves, laboratory coats, boots, face masks, goggles, ear plugs and respirators. Conclusions: Exposure to carcinogens is common necessitating case-control and cohort studies in this locality on cancer prevalence and incidence.

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“…Crump and Guess (2) note that migration occurs in some patients after their diagnosis ofcancer or other serious disease, leading to a discrepancy between the residence on the death certificate and the residence at diagnosis. Migration may also be associated with environmental exposure variables.…”

Section: Methodologic Issues Establishment Of Appropriate Numeratorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ecologic Method in the Study of Environmental Health. II. Methodologic Issues and Feasibility

Walter¹

1991

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Drinking Water and Cancer: Review of Recent Epidemiological Findings and Assessment of Risks

Cited by 63 publications

References 14 publications

Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects

Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects

Environmental exposure to carcinogens in northwestern Cameroon

The Ecologic Method in the Study of Environmental Health. II. Methodologic Issues and Feasibility

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