The Ecologic Method in the Study of Environmental Health. II. Methodologic Issues and Feasibility

Walter, Stephen D.

doi:10.2307/3431295

Cited by 38 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…Such a tradeoff makes it difficult to understand how social factors such as ethnicity and poverty really impact birth morbidity. As a result, causation is difficult to establish (Greenland, 1999;Greenland andRobins, 1988, 1994;Walter, 1991). Instead, we need to examine how local environmental factors intermingle with individual risk factors to impact birth outcomes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the impact of the local environment on birth outcomes: a case for HLM

Williams

Pennock-Román

Suen

et al. 2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Hierarchical linear Models (HLM) is a useful way to analyze the relationships between community level environmental data, individual risk factors, and birth outcomes. With HLM we can determine the effects of potentially remediable environmental conditions (e.g., air pollution) after controlling for individual characteristics such as health factors and socioeconomic factors. Methodological limitations of ecological studies of birth outcomes and a detailed analysis of the varying models that predict birth weight will be discussed. Ambient concentrations of criterion air pollutants (e.g., lead and sulfur dioxide) demonstrated a sizeable negative effect on birth weight; while the economic characteristics of the mother's residential census tract (ex. poverty level) also negatively influenced birth weight.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the impact of the local environment on birth outcomes: a case for HLM

Williams

Pennock-Román

Suen

et al. 2006

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Turbidity of treated drinking water has been linked to health effects in Milwaukee, (15,16,17). It should be noted , however, that these studies of turbidity and adverse health outcome are "ecological", in that they measure exposure of populations rather than of individuals and , as such , potentially suffer from bias due to the so called ecological "fallacy (18).While this does not proof of an association in their own rights (8).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Efficiency Assessment of Lower Usuma Water Treatment Plant in Abuja Metropolis, Nigeria

Q¹,

C²,

M³

2014

IOSRJESTFT

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“…In this case, high environmental moisture or extreme conditions occasioned the growth of many micro organims such as fungi, bacteria, virus, and amoeba cysts provoking damage on human health due in part to inhalation, ingestion and the contact to the skin. Therefore, the human inhaled about 10 m 3 of air by day, and they are can be allowed particles of 1 a 2 micrometers inside of breath provoking severe infections, asthma, pneumonia, and the others diseases that are associated to aerosols exposition 17,18 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriological Indicators on the Environment and in Human Health

Carlos¹,

Irma²,

Beatriz³

et al. 2014

Curr World Environ

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Mexico has public health problems due to its inadequate systems for sewage treatment, sanitation means and low income and economic levels, which influence the increase of disease manifestation. Determine seasonal variations, frequency and distribution of enterobacteriaairborne aerosols incoming from "San Juan de Dios" River. It is worth mentioning that, these bacteria possess antimicrobial and heavy metals resistance, such as to Pb, Cr, and Cd, and their hemolytic profile. Therefore, an ecological study was conducted during the seasons of summer and autumn. 822 enterobacteria strains were collected, from which 723 were identified under 18 genres and 40 species, from which 63.90% corresponding to summer and 36.09% to the autumn season. As a critical sampling, point number 2 showed to have 265 colony forming units during summer and 124 during autumn. 48 strains had beta-hemolytic profile; the 68.57% of identified strains showed resistance to more than two antibiotics in reference of Pb, Cd and Cr to which also showed resistance. Enter bacteriological recoverability shows values above 1x103 Gram negative/m3 of air, as risk factors for human health; which allows (due to their characteristics) their implementation as useful indicators of risk exposure.

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The Ecologic Method in the Study of Environmental Health. II. Methodologic Issues and Feasibility

Cited by 38 publications

References 6 publications

Assessing the impact of the local environment on birth outcomes: a case for HLM

Assessing the impact of the local environment on birth outcomes: a case for HLM

An Efficiency Assessment of Lower Usuma Water Treatment Plant in Abuja Metropolis, Nigeria

Bacteriological Indicators on the Environment and in Human Health

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