Research on the modification of two traditional building materials in ancient China

Li, Zuixiong; Zhao, Liang; Li, Li; Jinua, Wang

doi:10.1186/2050-7445-1-27

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…Interestingly, hydraulic lime mortars were occasionally used in ancient China, such as in the buildings of the Yangshao culture (Dadiwan, Qin'an county, Gansu province) (Li 1988); some natural limestone such as 'ginger nut' stone and 'Aga soil' from Tibet were reported to yield hydraulic β-CaSiO 3 and Ca 2 Al 2 SiO 7 after calcination (Zuixiong et al 2013). However, in ancient China, because of the lack of pozzolans, limited access to clay-rich limestone and the inadequate technological knowledge of the craftsmen on obtaining hydraulic lime from the clay-rich limestone, the use of hydraulic mortar was rather limited.…”

Section: Mineralogical Composition Of the Mortarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of ancient building lime mortars of Anhui province, China: A multi‐analytical approach

et al. 2020

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The characterization of lime mortars has become of primary importance in order to obtain information about the raw ingredients and building technology of ancient masonry structures. Five different samples from Anhui province, China, representing two types of lime mortar‐based materials: joint mortars between the bricks of the city wall and lime mortar sealing a tomb coffin, were collected for analysis. Archaeological information about the samples was reported and studies into the microtextural features and mineralogical compositions of those mortars were performed via a multi‐analytical approach. The joint lime mortars between the bricks of city walls, including Mingzhongdu city wall, Mingzhongdu Xihua gate foundation, Zhengyangguan city wall and She county city wall, were found to be aerial lime mortars. The lime mortar from Nanling Tieguai Song dynasty tomb was analysed and found to be a pozzolanic mortar consisting of lime, clay, sand and cocciopesto‐like materials. The analytical results serve as a critical reference for the maintenance and restoration of ancient city walls in Anhui province, and as a starting point for searching for ancient Chinese pozzolanic mortars and technology for making those mortars.

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Section: Mineralogical Composition Of the Mortarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of ancient building lime mortars of Anhui province, China: A multi‐analytical approach

et al. 2020

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“…There is a terminological inconsistency concerning arga in recent scholarship. Some conservators use the term arga as the name of a specific kind of clay, which mainly consists of calcite, kaolinite, potassium feldspar, illite, and quartz, although the composition may vary for different areas [9,10,21]. Other researchers use the term for a mixture.…”

Section: Structure Of Tibetan Murals Described In the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on wall painting materials and techniques at two historic buildings in Gyantse, Tibet

Yang

Cao

et al. 2019

Herit Sci

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This paper presents a scientific examination of wall paintings at two nonmonastic sites in Gyantse, Tibet: Gazhi Lhakang, which is a family temple built in the mid-eighteenth century by local aristocrats, and the Lotso Residence, which was occupied by Nepalese merchants in the early twentieth century. Samples were analyzed with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Two phases of painting-an early phase and a late phase-were identified in Gazhi Lhakang, including three distinct types of mural stratigraphy. The earlier phase features an unusual technique known as "paperhanging", wherein the pigments were applied on a layer of Tibetan paper glued to the wall. The later phase at Gazhi Lhakang and the painting of the Lotso Residence feature a relatively simple wall treatment with fewer coating layers and no ground layer. A typical mixture of clay and sand was used for the coating layers, while the structure slightly varied from what has been described in the literature. The techniques of powder embossing, gilding, and gold outlining were adopted in both buildings. The metallic material found at Gazhi Lhakang is a gold-silver alloy, while copper was used as imitation gold at the Lotso Residence. Mineral pigments, such as azurite, malachite, orpiment, cinnabar, and iron oxide, were used for both phases of Gazhi Lhakang. Modern synthetic pigments, such as chrome yellow, emerald green, and synthetic ultramarine, were used for the Lotso Residence, indicating that it was painted after the mid-nineteenth century.

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“…[5]. In the purest form, containing a high percentage of calcium oxide, the air lime proves to be the best form of lime for its durability properties [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of Air Lime Mortar with Bio-Additives

Manoharan

Umarani

2022

Sustainability

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Lime mortar has been a primary binding material in ancient mortar, and is one of the main reasons behind solid and stable constructions that remain stable even after thousands of years. The benefits of lime are innumerable: it is minimally processed and used with a lesser carbon footprint and embodied energy and, most crucially, it is a carbon absorbent. This research experiments with the strength properties (compression) of lime at 28, 56, and 100 days of air curing. The investigation studies the durability using water absorption, UPV test, and carbonation parameters after 100 days of exposure to air. The tested materials are subjected to SEM analysis to find the morphology of the reaction that takes place and the products that are formed. We also performed a comparative study of two different fermented additives by the duration of fermentation (1 day and 10 days) and two different doses of additives (Jaggery and Kadukkai) with air lime. The bio-additives were experimented with using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy for the formation of new enriching compounds, which improved the qualities of traditional lime mortar. The formation of fat and protein in the additives was found using IS 7219-1973 (a method for the determination of protein in foods and feeds). Using the AOAC method, the presence of fat confirms the improvement in strength and durability properties. The phytochemical analysis details the alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, and saponins. Quantification of phenols and flavonoids adds to the beneficial aspects of the fermented additives. The experimental results indicate that using naturally fermented organic materials in the lime has made the structures stronger with the stable build of calcite and vaterite components. The self-healing capacity of lime mortar makes it time resistant.

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Research on the modification of two traditional building materials in ancient China

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

Characterization of ancient building lime mortars of Anhui province, China: A multi‐analytical approach

Characterization of ancient building lime mortars of Anhui province, China: A multi‐analytical approach

Studies on wall painting materials and techniques at two historic buildings in Gyantse, Tibet

Properties of Air Lime Mortar with Bio-Additives

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