Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects millions of people each year. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a critical role in the progress of IBD and will be a potential therapeutic target. Here, we synthesize a kind of oral zero-valent-molybdenum nanodots (ZVMNs) for the treatment of IBD by scavenging ROS. These ultrasmall ZVMNs can successfully pass through the gastric acid and then be absorbed by the intestine. It has been verified that ZVMNs can down-regulate the quantity of ROS and reduce colitis in a mouse IBD model without distinct side effects. In addition, RNA sequencing reveals a further mechanism that the ZVMNs can protect colon tissues from oxidative stress by inhibiting the nuclear factor κB signaling pathway and reducing the production of excessive pro-inflammatory factors. Together, the ZVMNs will offer a promising alternative treatment option for patients suffering from IBD.
This paper presents a scientific examination of wall paintings at two nonmonastic sites in Gyantse, Tibet: Gazhi Lhakang, which is a family temple built in the mid-eighteenth century by local aristocrats, and the Lotso Residence, which was occupied by Nepalese merchants in the early twentieth century. Samples were analyzed with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Two phases of painting-an early phase and a late phase-were identified in Gazhi Lhakang, including three distinct types of mural stratigraphy. The earlier phase features an unusual technique known as "paperhanging", wherein the pigments were applied on a layer of Tibetan paper glued to the wall. The later phase at Gazhi Lhakang and the painting of the Lotso Residence feature a relatively simple wall treatment with fewer coating layers and no ground layer. A typical mixture of clay and sand was used for the coating layers, while the structure slightly varied from what has been described in the literature. The techniques of powder embossing, gilding, and gold outlining were adopted in both buildings. The metallic material found at Gazhi Lhakang is a gold-silver alloy, while copper was used as imitation gold at the Lotso Residence. Mineral pigments, such as azurite, malachite, orpiment, cinnabar, and iron oxide, were used for both phases of Gazhi Lhakang. Modern synthetic pigments, such as chrome yellow, emerald green, and synthetic ultramarine, were used for the Lotso Residence, indicating that it was painted after the mid-nineteenth century.
Background Ulcerative colitis (UC), an idiopathic, chronic inflammatory disorder of the colonic mucosa, is commonly treated with antitumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNF-α) agents. However, only approximately two-thirds have an initial response to these therapies. Methods We integrated gene expression profiling from 3 independent data sets of 79 UC patients before they began anti-TNF-α therapy and calculated the differentially expressed genes between patient response and nonresponse to anti-TNF-α therapy and developed a de novo response-associated transcription signature score (logOR_Score) to demonstrate the predictive capability of anti-TNF-α therapy for therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, we performed association analysis of the logOR_Score and clinical features, such as disease activity and immune microenvironment. Results A total of 2522 responsive and 1824 nonresponsive genes were identified from the integrated data set. Responsive genes were significantly enriched in metabolism-related pathways, whereas nonresponsive ones were associated with immune response–related pathways. The logOR_Score enabled the accurate prediction of the therapeutic efficacy of anti-TNF-α in 4 independent patient cohorts and outperformed the predictions made based on 6 transcriptome-based signatures. In terms of clinical features, the logOR_Score correlated highly with the activity of UC. From an immune microenvironment perspective, logOR_Scores of CD8+ IL-17+ T cells, follicular B cells, and innate lymphoid cells significantly decreased in inflamed UC tissue. Conclusions The de novo response-associated transcription signature may provide novel insights into the personalized treatment of patients with UC. Comprehensive analyses of the response-related subtypes and the association between logOR_Score and clinical features and immune microenvironment may provide insights into the underlying UC pathogenesis.
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